A-beta-peptide screening

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an improved process for determining γ-secretase activity and for detecting γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase; particular embodiments of the process relate on the one hand to processes for the identification of a γ-secretase or of a cDNA which codes for a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase, and on the other hand to processes for the identification of substances which can inhibit the activity of a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of EP Application No. 03011807.9 filed May 26, 2003, and of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/520,567 filed on Nov. 17, 2003, the contents of both of which are incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, which is accompanied at the cellular level by a massive loss of neurons in the limbic system and in the cerebral cortex. In the brain areas affected, protein deposits, so-called plaques, can be detected at the molecular level, which are an essential characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. The protein occurring most frequently in these plaques is a peptide of 40 to 42 amino acids, which is designated as Aβ-peptide. This Aβ-peptide is a cleavage product of a significantly larger protein of 695 to 770 amino acids, the so-called amyloid precursor protein (APP).

APP is an integral transmembrane protein, which firstly traverses the lipid bilayer. By far the largest part of the protein is extracellular, while the shorter C-terminal domain is directed into the cytosol (FIG. 1). The Aβ-peptide is shown dark-gray in FIG. 1. About two thirds of the Aβ-peptide originates from the extracellular domain and about one third from the transmembrane domain of APP.

Beside the membrane-based APP, a secreted form of the amyloid precursor protein can be detected which consists of the large ectodomain of the APP and is designated as APP_(sec) (“secreted APP”). APP_(sec) is formed from APP by proteolytic cleavage, which is effected by the α-secretase. The proteolytic cleavage takes place in a site of the amino acid sequence of APP, which is within the amino acid sequence of the Aβ-peptide (after amino acid residue 16 of the Aβ-peptide). Proteolysis of APP by the α-secretase thus excludes the formation of the Aβ-peptide.

The Aβ-peptide can thus only be formed from APP in an alternative processing route. It is postulated that two further proteases are involved in this processing route, one protease, which is designated as β-secretase, cleaving at the N-terminus of the Aβ-peptide in the APP and the second protease, which is designated as γ-secretase, releasing the C-terminus of the Aβ-peptide (Kang, J. et al., Nature, 325, 733) (FIG. 1).

To learn more about the secretases (α-secretase, β-secretase, γ-secretase) is of great interest, in particular in the context of investigations on Alzheimer's disease, e.g., for the identification of the secretases or factors involved in secretase regulation and Aβ-peptide formation (Wolfe, M. S. (2001), J. Med. Chem., 44(13), 2039-2060). The inhibition of β-secretase and in particular of γ-secretase could lead to a reduction in the Aβ-production, on the other hand an activation of the α-secretase could increase the processing of APP in APPsec and would thus simultaneously reduce the formation of the Aβ-peptide. A transgenic C. elegans, which is found in the course of such investigations is described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,600, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

There are many indications that the Aβ-peptide (Aβ) is a crucial factor in the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease. Inter alia, neurotoxicity of Aβ-fibrils in cell culture is postulated (Yankner, B. A. et al., (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87, 9020). In patients with Down's syndrome, in which the gene encoding APP occurs in an additional copy, the neuropathology characteristic of Alzheimer's disease also occurs even at an age of 30 years. Here, it is assumed that the overexpression of APP follows an increased conversion into the Aβ-peptide (Rumble, B. et al., (1989), N. Engl. J. Med., 320, 1446). great

Probably the strongest indication of the central role of the Aβ-peptide is the familial forms of Alzheimer's disease. Here, mutations are found in the APP gene around the area of the β- and γ-secretase cleavage sites or in two further AD-associated genes (presenilins), which in cell culture lead to a significant increase in Aβ-peptide production (Scheuner, D. et al., (1996), Nature Medicine, 2, 864).

There are a number of indications of the fact that APP is firstly cleaved into the Aβ-peptide by the β-secretase during its processing in order to serve subsequently as a substrate for γ-secretase. The γ-secretase therefore has a crucial role in the formation of the Aβ-peptide (Wolfe, M. S. (2001), loc.cit).

In general, the detection of Aβ-peptide is difficult, since only a small amount of APP is converted (Simons M, et al., Neurosci (1996) 1;16(3):899-908). Moreover, the Aβ-peptide is a very small fragment of about 4 kDa, which has a great tendency to self-aggregation due to its hydrophobic character. Accordingly, Aβ-peptide easily precipitates under physiological conditions (Hilbich, C. et al., (1991) J. Mol. Biol., 218, 149) and is in its precipitated form not available for detection.

The detection of the Aβ-peptide in eukaryotic cells is carried out by means of immunobiological methods such as, e.g., ELISA, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting (Suzuki, N. et al., Science 1994, 27, 264(5163) 1336; Haass, C. et al., (1992) Nature, 359, 322). Further, an in vitro assay for the determination of γ-secretase activity from purified membrane fractions containing PS1 (presenilin 1) was described by Wolfe et al. (1999). These processes are very time consuming, as they involve incubation steps with appropriate antibodies, steps destroying the cells obtained from suitable cell culture or model organisms (e.g., C. elegans). The said methods are not suitable in an automated assay system, e.g., for high throughput screening, to identify compounds, which specifically inhibit or decrease the activity of a γ-secretase. In part, this is because γ-secretase activity is dependent upon an assembly of proteins (Mattson, (2003) Nature 422, 385), which is, to date, only active in a complex membrane lipid environment.

Further, the activity of the γ-secretase can be demonstrated according to the teachings of WO00/34511A2, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, which describes a process for the determination of γ-secretase activity and for the detection of γ-secretase by the detection of the Aβ-peptide. The process of WO00/34511A2 utilizes a transgene which encodes a fusion protein comprising: the amino acid sequence GAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 1) as the enzymatic target site of γ-secretase, a signal peptide (SP) at the 5′-end, a promoter and, if appropriate, further coding and/or non-coding nucleotide sequences, which is incorporated into a cell in order to express the said fusion protein.

When the fusion protein is specifically cleaved by the γ-secretase present in the cell, a first partial protein is formed, containing the amino acid sequence GAIIGLMVGGVV (SEQ ID NO. 2), and a second partial protein is formed, containing the amino acid sequence VIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 3). Subsequently, the said first and/or second partial protein is detected, e.g., by use of a suitable reporter, which is, e.g., a reporter gene, which is activated by the release of a transcription activator coupled to the first and/or second partial protein.

Due to the known problems accompanied with the detection of Aβ-peptide, it is the problem of instant invention to improve the process of WO00/34511A2, e.g., by decreasing the background signal and/or increasing the signal specificity, in order to improve the signal/noise ratio in the assay of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the amyloid precursor protein (Isoform APP695 and Isoforms APP770 or APP751) and secretase cleavage products.

FIG. 2 shows schematically the principle on which the processes are based: β-secretase cleavage site at the N-terminus; γ-secretase cleavage site in the transmembrane domain; C100=C100 fragment of APP; GAL4-VP16=DNA-binding domain, transcription-activating domain (consisting of DNA-binding domain and transcription activator), which binds to the protein-binding domain on the DNA of the reporter plasmid.

FIG. 3 shows construction of the expression plasmids SP-C100-GAL4-VP16: aa=amino acids; restriction cleavage sites Sac I, Hind III and Kpn I indicating the position of the cleavage site on the plasmid.

FIG. 4 shows expression plasmid pDBTrp-MET25-SP-C100-GAL4-VP16: Construction of the expression plasmid for the expression of the transgene in yeast.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Surprisingly, it is possible to improve the signal/noise ratio in a process according to WO00/34511A2 by decreasing the unspecific release of first and/or second partial proteins due to unspecific protease activity. This is achieved, e.g., in the fusion peptide of WO00/34511A2, by the exclusion/avoidance of any other sequences/motifs of protease cleavage sites and/or internalization sequences—beside the γ-secretase cleavage site. Therefore, the present invention relates to an improved process for the determination of γ-secretase activity and the detection of a protein having γ-secretase activity.

Particular embodiments of the process relate to processes for the identification of a γ-secretase, of a cDNA which codes for a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase, and processes for the identification of a pharmaceutical active compound, which can modulate, e.g., decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein having γ-secretase activity. Such substances are of particular interest, if pharmaceutically acceptable and suitable for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

The present invention relates to a process for the detection of γ-secretase, wherein

-   -   1. a transgene is used which encodes a fusion protein and         contains the following constituents:     -   a) a first nucleotide sequence which codes for a protein which         contains the amino acid sequence GAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITLVML (SEQ         ID NO. 1),     -   b) at the 5′ end of the first nucleotide sequence, a second         nucleotide sequence which codes for a signal peptide,     -   c) a promoter and,     -   d) if appropriate, further coding and/or non-coding nucleotide         sequences;     -   2. this transgene is incorporated into a cell and the fusion         protein is expressed;     -   3. the fusion protein is cleaved within the amino acid sequence         SEQ ID NO. 1 by γ-secretase present in the cell, whereby a first         partial protein, which contains the amino acid sequence         GAIIGLMVGGVV (SEQ ID NO. 2), and a second partial protein, which         contains the amino acid sequence VIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 3), are         formed and     -   4. the first partial protein and/or the second partial protein         are detected, wherein with the proviso/exception of SEQ ID No. 1         said fusion protein does not contain one or more peptides acting         as a signal for endo- or exocytosis and/or protease cleavage         site.

Preferably, in the said process said fusion protein does not contain one or more (i.e., beside SEQ ID No. 1 any further peptide) peptides acting as a signal for endo- or exocytosis and protease cleavage site with the exception of the SEQ ID No. 1.

The invention also relates to a process for the detection of the activity of γ-secretase, wherein

-   -   1. a transgene is prepared/used which encodes a fusion protein         and contains the following constituents:     -   a) a first nucleotide sequence which codes for a protein which         contains the amino acid sequence GAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITLVML (SEQ         ID NO. 1),     -   b) at the 5′ end of the first nucleotide sequence, a second         nucleotide sequence which codes for a signal peptide,     -   c) a promoter and,     -   d) if appropriate, further coding and/or non-coding nucleotide         sequences;     -   2. this transgene is incorporated into a cell and the fusion         protein is expressed;     -   3. the fusion protein is cleaved within the amino acid sequence         SEQ ID NO. 1 by γ-secretase present in the cell, whereby a first         partial protein, which contains the amino acid sequence         GAIIGLMVGGVV (SEQ ID NO. 2), and a second partial protein, which         contains the amino acid sequence VIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 3), are         formed;     -   4. the amount of second partial protein is determined and the         activity of the γ-secretase is determined from the amount of         second partial protein formed, wherein with the         proviso/exception of SEQ ID No. 1 said fusion protein does not         contain one or more peptides acting as a signal for endo- or         exocytosis and/or protease cleavage site.

The processes according to the invention (“Aβ-peptide screening assay”, “γ-secretase assay”) are suitable for the in vivo detection of a γ-secretase (protein having γ-secretase activity) or of the activity of a γ-secretase, enabling to employ the processes universally, even, e.g., in high throughput screening (“HTS”) assays. The processes do not have the above-mentioned disadvantages of the conventional detection processes, particularly, laborious isolation and detection steps are avoided and the specific signal of the γ-secretase activity is significantly improved. The more specific signal is achieved by a considerably reduced background signal and avoidance, resp., decrease of the release of the first and second partial proteins due to the action of unspecific proteases.

An essential element of the processes according to the invention is that the C-terminal APP fragment, which is cleaved by the γ-secretase into two fragments—a first partial protein which contains the amino acid sequence GAIIGLMVGGVV (SEQ ID NO. 2) and a second partial protein which contains the amino acid sequence VIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 3), the second partial protein, which contains the amino acid sequence VIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 3), diffusing into the cytosol of the cell (FIG. 2). This second partial protein, which can be easily detected in the cytosol of a cell, e.g., as a fusion protein with a transcription activation factor (TAF) and the aid of a reporter gene; it serves as a detection tool for the presence of γ-secretase or the quantification of a γ-secretase activity. The γ-secretase cleavage site is located in the transmembrane domain of the APP (Kang, J. et al., (1987) Nature, 325, 733). The APP transmembrane domain has the amino acid sequence GAIIGLMVGGVV₄₀ IA₄₂ TVIVITLVML. The γ-secretase cleaves after V₄₀, A₄₂ or T₄₃. The Aβ-peptide, which is produced by eukaryotic cells in cell culture, is secreted into the medium supernatant.

With the aid of a suitable reporter system (e.g., TAF and the corresponding reporter gene), the release of the second partial protein can activate the expression of a reporter protein, which can be detected in eukaryotic cells. By means of the detection of the reporter protein, it can be demonstrated that a γ-secretase cleavage has taken place in the APP. As a result, the γ-secretase or the activity of the γ-secretase can be determined qualitatively and/or quantitatively.

The constituents of the process can be characterized in greater detail as follows:

The first nucleotide sequence codes for an amyloid precursor protein (APP) or a part thereof comprising SEQ ID NO. 1, wherein said APP or part thereof does not contain any further peptide motif acting as a signal for endo- or exocytosis and/or protease cleavage site. Preferably, said first nucleotide sequence codes for a protein which contains an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 1, e.g., SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 14. In further embodiments, the first nucleotide sequence codes for a truncated APP or a modified APP, e.g., obtainable by site directed mutagenesis, in order to avoid coding of a peptide motif acting as a signal for endo- or exocytosis and/or protease cleavage site beside SEQ ID NO. 1. In yet another embodiment, said APP or part thereof encoded by the said first nucleotide sequence is a protein derived from APP of human, mouse, (e.g., APLP1 or APLP2).

The second nucleotide sequence preferably codes for any suitable signal peptide (“SP”). The signal peptide contains, e.g., the SP's according to SEQ ID NO. 5 (SP of human APP), SEQ ID NO. 12 (SP of yeast SUC2, “SP2”), or SEQ ID NO. 13 (SP of BM40, “SP3”) or any other signal peptide known, e.g., according to Heijne et al. (Nucl. Acids Res. (1986), 14(11) 4683-4690).

As a promoter, it is possible to use any suitable regulatable or constitutive promoter. The promoter can be suitable, e.g, for expression in mammalian cells, in C. elegans, in yeast, or in Drosophila. Suitable promoters for mammalian cells are, e.g., CMV, HSV TK, SV40, LTR (all: Clontech, Heidelberg, Germany), and RSV (e.g. Invitrogen™ life technologies, NV Leek, Netherlands). Promoters, which can be used for C. elegans are, e.g., unc-119, unc-54, hsp16-2, goa-1 and sel-12. For expression in yeast, the promoters ADH1 (constitutive) (VIckova et al. (1994) Gene, 25(5), 472-4), GAL1 (conditionally inducible) (Selleck et al. (1987) Nature 325, 173-7), MET3 (conditional) (Cherest et al. (1987) Mol Gen Genet 210, 307-13) and MET25 (cf. e.g., Kerjan et al. (1986) Nucleic Acids Res. 14(20), 7861-71) are suitable. In Drosophila, it is possible to use, e.g., the promoters MT (metallothionine), Ac5 or Ds47 (all: Invitrogen™ life technologies).

Preferably, a eukaryotic cell is employed in the process, e.g., a human cell or a non-human cell, e.g., monkey, hamster, mouse, Drosophila, zebrafish or yeast. E.g., a HeLa, HEK293, H4, SH-SY5Y, H9, Cos, CHO, N2A, SL-2 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell can be employed. In a particular embodiment of the invention a C. elegans cell is employed. The cell can be a constituent of a transgenic, non-human animal. In a particular embodiment, the transgenic cell can be a constituent of a transgenic C. elegans. In particular, the invention relates to processes in which yeast cells, e.g., from the strain MaV203 (Invitrogen™ life technologies, Rockville, Md., USA) or EGY 48 (OriGene Technologies, Inc. Rockville, Md., USA), are used.

The transgene codes for a fusion protein; this is composed of the partial proteins which are encoded by the first and the second nucleotide sequence and, if appropriate, further nucleotide sequences. The fusion protein thus contains the first partial protein and the second partial protein and, if appropriate, a further partial protein. However, it is important that the fusion protein does not contain any peptide motif acting as a signal for endo- or exocytosis and/or protease cleavage site, except for SEQ ID NO. 1.

Known protease cleavage sites are known to the skilled artisan from protease databases, e.g., MEROPS (Rawlings et al. (2002) MEROPS: the protease database. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 343-346).

Preferably, the fusion protein according to instant invention does not contain a protease cleavage site, which is a caspase cleavage site, e.g., (IVL)ExD, especially, VEVA, VEVD and in another embodiment, the fusion protein according to instant invention does further not contain a signal peptide for endo- or exocytosis, which is a signal for APP internalization, e.g., NpxY or Di-leucine especially, NPTY.

In one specific embodiment, the fusion protein has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO. 14. Beside SEQ. ID No. 1, said fusion protein does not contain any (one or more) further peptide motif acting as a signal for endo- or exocytosis (e.g., APP internalization signal) and/or protease (e.g., caspase) cleavage site.

In particular, a transgene having the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 15 (SPC55GV TAG) can be employed in the process. In particularly preferred embodiments of the process, the transgene is present in a vector. This specific embodiment of the invention is also designated as SP-C55-Gal 4-VP16 (i.e., SPC55GV). In this case, a fusion protein consisting of the signal peptide of APP, the C55 fragment of APP, GAL4 and VP16 is expressed. This protein located in the transmembrane domain is cleaved within the C55 fragment and the second partial protein, i.e. the part of the fusion protein, which contains one part of the C55 fragment, GAL4 and VP16, is detected with the aid of a reporter plasmid.

Beside the transgene construct SPC55GV, other reporter constructs are also conceivable in which, e.g., the transcription-activating domain could be inserted between the transmembrane domain and cytosolic domain of SPC55 or a Tag (e.g., MYC, FLAG) on the N- and C-terminus and between the transmembrane and the cytosolic domain of SPC55.

The further coding nucleotide sequence can code, e.g., for a protein, which can be used for the detection of the second partial protein. Preferably, the further coding nucleotide sequence is therefore located at the 3′ end of the first nucleotide sequence. The further coding nucleotide sequence codes, e.g., for a chimeric protein or another protein which is constructed from a number of domains, e.g., a protein which contains a DNA-binding domain and a transcription-activating domain. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the further coding nucleotide sequence codes for a protein which consists of a GAL4-binding domain and of the transcription-activating domain of VP16 (GAL4-VP16, “GV”), and the further partial protein preferably then has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO. 7. In yeast cells, the further partial protein can also contain a LexA-binding domain (e.g., Lex A-VP16). This further partial protein is particularly suitable for processes in which cells of the yeast strain EGY48 are used.

In particular, the invention relates to processes in which cells are used which are co-transfected with a reporter plasmid. The reporter plasmid contains a reporter gene under the control of a regulatable promoter. E.g., the reporter gene can code for GFP and its derivatives, e.g., EGFP (Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein), EBFP, EYFP, d2EGFP, GFPuv or Luciferase (e.g., Promega, Mannheim, Germany), CAT (e.g., Promega), SEAP (e.g., Clontech), βGal (e.g., Clontech), reef coral fluorescence protein (RCFP, Clontech) or apoptosis-inducing factors, e.g., Fas, TNF-R1, death domain and homologues (Tartaglia et al. (1993) Cell 74, 845-53), ced3, ced4, ced9. As a regulatable promoter, the reporter plasmid can contain a minimal promoter, e.g., a GAL4 binding site in combination with the minimal promoter of HIV, of the CD4 promoter or the mec7 promoter. The choice of the suitable regulatable promoter depends on the transcription-activating domain used.

A particular embodiment of the invention relates to the implementation of the process, where the cells used are yeast cells. As an alternative to the yeast expression vector pDBTrp (Invitrogen™ life technologies, The Netherlands, Cat. No. 10835023) into which in a special embodiment of the invention a MET-25 promoter is integrated (SEQ ID NO. 10), a large number of other expression vectors with different promoters (e.g., the inducible GAL1-promoter, the constitutively active ADH1 promoter) and with different selection markers (ADE, LEU, TRP, HIS, LYS, PHE) can be selected.

A particular embodiment of the invention relates to the use of yeast cells, which contain GAL4- or LexA-inducible reporter genes either stable integrated in their genome or extrachromosomal. In these embodiments preferably the yeast strains MaV203 (Invitrogen™ life technologies Inc., Rockville, Md., USA) or EGY48 (OriGene Technologies, Inc., Rockville, Md., USA) are used.

A particular embodiment of the processes relates to the use of a cell which was additionally transfected with a further recombinant vector. Preferably, the cell, which is used for these embodiments normally has no or hardly any endogenous γ-secretase or endogenous γ-secretase activity and is not detectable using the above-mentioned processes. This cell can be employed transformed with a further vector in which a nucleotide sequence—preferably a cDNA—is contained which codes for a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase. E.g., a cDNA library can be employed. This embodiment of the process can then be used, inter alia, to identify a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase or a cDNA, which codes for a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase. cDNA libraries which can be searched for a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase can be prepared from cells or tissues of any organism, e.g., B cells, neurons, glia cells, hippocampus, whole brain, placenta, kidney. Preferably, the cDNA is prepared from vertebrates (e.g., hamster, rat, mouse, dog, monkey, human), especially, from human cells or human tissues.

In the case of cells, which without transfection exhibit no γ-secretase activity, but after transfection with a cDNA library exhibit γ-secretase activity, the cDNA present in the cell codes for a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase. This cDNA can be isolated by known processes from cells, which exhibit this behavior, and further be analyzed by known methods.

The invention also relates to a transgene, which codes for a fusion protein and contains the following constituents:

-   -   a) a first nucleotide sequence which codes for a protein which         contains the amino acid sequence GAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITLVML (SEQ         ID NO. 1),     -   b) at the 5′ end of the first nucleotide sequence, a second         nucleotide sequence which codes for a signal peptide,     -   c) a promoter and     -   d) at least one further nucleotide sequence at the 3′ end of the         first nucleotide sequence, which codes for a DNA-binding domain         and for a transcription-activating domain,         wherein beside SEQ ID NO. 1 said fusion protein does not contain         one or more peptides acting as a signal for endo- or exocytosis         and/or protease cleavage site.

Preferably, the first nucleotide sequence codes for APP or a part thereof, which comprises beside SEQ ID NO. 1 not any further peptide motif acting as a signal for endo- or exocytosis and/or protease cleavage site.

The transgene can, e.g., have the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO. 15.

The transgene can be present in a suitable vector, e.g., pcDNA 3.1+ or pDBTrp. Another embodiment of the invention is a process, which relates to the use of the transgene and/or of the vector of instant invention for the production of a transgenic cell, whereby, optionally, said transgenic cell is used to become a constituent of a non-human organism, suitable as an in vivo reporter organism. E.g., said transgene and/or vector can be used for the production of a transgenic C. elegans. In another embodiment, said transgene and/or the vector is used for the production of transgenic yeast cells, e.g., S. cerevisiae.

The invention also relates to a process for the production of a transgenic non-human organism, e.g., of a transgenic C. elegans, wherein said transgene and/or a vector comprising said transgene is microinjected into the gonads of the organism, e.g., of a C. elegans. The invention also relates to a cell, which contains a transgene according to the invention and a transgenic C. elegans, which contains said transgene. The invention also relates to a cell, particularly a yeast cell, which contains said transgene of the invention, preferably present in a suitable vector. Further, the invention relates in particular to cells, preferably yeast cells, which contain the transgene according to the invention and a cDNA library, resp., are suitable to be subject of a cDNA expression library (cDNA library).

The invention relates to the use of the said transgenic or recombinant cells, preferably cells of yeast or C. elegans in a process for the determination or identification of γ-secretase, cDNA encoding γ-secretase, cDNA encoding a subunit protein of γ-secretase, cDNA encoding a γ-secretase-like proteinase, or the activity of γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase, the use of the said cells in a process for the identification of inhibitors of the γ-secretase activity (γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase), and the process thereof.

In particular, the invention relates to processes for the identification of substances (effectors), which modulate (i.e., inhibit, decrease, increase or alter) the activity of a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase, the process containing the following steps:

-   -   1. Production of a transgenic non-human organism, e.g., of a         transgenic C. elegans or Saccharomyces cerevisiae or of a         transgenic cell, the transgenic non-human organism or the         transgenic cell containing the transgene according to instant         invention,     -   the transgenic non-human organism or the transgenic cell         moreover containing a reporter plasmid, the reporter plasmid         carrying a protein binding site, a minimal promoter and a         reporter gene and,     -   if appropriate, a cDNA which encodes the γ-secretase the subunit         protein of γ-secretase, or the γ-secretase-like proteinase,         wherein     -   the transgenic non-human organism or the transgenic cell         expresses the transgene and, if appropriate, the γ-secretase, a         subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase         encoded by the cDNA;     -   2. the transgenic non-human organism or the transgenic cell is         incubated with a test substance to be investigated; and     -   3. the amount of the second partial protein is detected.

The invention also relates to a process for the identification of effectors of γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase, wherein

-   -   1. a transgene according to the invention is prepared/used;     -   2. the said transgene and a reporter plasmid and, if         appropriate, a cDNA, which codes for a γ-secretase, a subunit         protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase are         integrated into the genome of a cell and the fusion protein         encoded by the said transgene and, if appropriate, the         γ-secretase, subunit protein of γ-secretase, or γ-secretase-like         proteinase encoded by the cDNA are expressed in the presence of         a substance to be investigated;     -   3. the fusion protein is     -   a) cleaved within the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 by the         γ-secretase present in the cell, so that     -   b) a first partial protein which contains the amino acid         sequence GAIIGLMVGGVV (SEQ ID NO. 2) and a second partial         protein which contains the amino acid sequence VIVITLVML (SEQ ID         NO. 3) are formed;     -   and     -   4. said second partial protein is determined qualitatively or         quantitatively.

The invention also relates to processes for the identification of substances which inhibit the activity of a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase, where a transgene which codes for a protein which contains a signal peptide and the SEQ ID NO. 1 is expressed in the presence of a substance to be investigated and of a reporter plasmid and the effect of the substance to be investigated on the amount of second partial protein formed is determined, the second partial protein containing the amino acid sequence VIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 3).

The invention also relates to inhibitors of a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase, which are identified by the processes of the invention.

Inter alia, the processes can be used, e.g., in conjunction with the C55-Gal 4-VP16 system (i.e. a fusion protein consisting of C55, GAL4 and VP16 or using a nucleic acid which codes for a corresponding fusion protein) for:

-   1. Identification and determination (qualitative and/or     quantitative) of the activity of a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of     γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase. -   2. Identification of γ-secretases, a subunit protein of γ-secretase,     or a γ-secretase-like proteinase in different tissues, cells and     organisms or species. Identification and isolation of the cDNAs     concerned which code for γ-secretase, a subunit protein of     γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase and the further use of     the cDNAs. -   3. In vivo screening, e.g., in yeast cells (e.g., Saccharomyces     cerevisiae), in C. elegans or in cell culture, enabling to determine     the activity of the γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase,     or a γ-secretase-like proteinase without using immunobiological     methods. -   4. Use of the process of instant invention for the identification     and characterization of substances, e.g., pharmacological active     compounds, which modulate the enzymatic or biological activity of     the γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a     γ-secretase-like proteinase, e.g., effectors (inhibitors,     activators, modulators) of the γ-secretase, a subunit protein of     γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase. In particular, this     process can be employed in an HTS (High Throughput Screening). By     use of HTS assay systems, substances can be identified which can be     employed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and/or for     preventive treatment. -   5. Investigations on or in the context of Alzheimer's disease, e.g.,     promoting a deeper understanding of mutated APP or fragments     thereof, or the function of membrane based proteases. -   6. The described fusion proteins/transgenes, e.g., C55 in SP-C55-Gal     4-VP16, can be replaced by other fragments according to the     invention and the γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or     a γ-secretase-like proteinase, its activity and regulation can be     investigated with the aid of the processes.

Another embodiment of instant invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical active compound, which inhibits the activity of a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase which has been identified by a process according to instant invention.

A further embodiment of instant invention is a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a process of the invention and formulating the said identified pharmaceutical active compound.

Yet a further embodiment of instant invention is a process for preparing a pharmaceutical comprising a) a process according to the invention and b) mixing the identified pharmaceutical active compound with a pharmaceutical inert inorganic and/or organic excipients.

And still another embodiment of instant invention is a test kit for detecting the activity of γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase, comprising the transgene, vector, or cell according to instant invention.

The following examples illustrate the instant invention and are not regarded as a limitation of the inventive conception.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction of the Expression Plasmid pcDNA3.1+ Comprising SP-C100-GAL4/VP16

The plasmid encodes the APP signal peptide (SP) which is fused to the C-terminal 100 amino acid residues of APP (C100). C100 begins with the N-terminus of the Aβ-peptide and ends with the C-terminus of APP. It must additionally be cleaved by the γ-secretase in order to release the Aβ-peptide.

GAL4/VP16 (Seq ID No. 7) was fused to the C-terminus of SP-C100 (Seq ID No. 6). GAL4/VP16 comprises the first 147 amino acid residues of the yeast transcription activator GAL4 and the 78 C-terminal amino acid residues of VP16, a transcription activator from the herpes simplex virus. As a fusion protein, the GAL4 fragment takes over the function of the DNA binding, while the VP16 fragment activates the transcription (Sadowski et al., 1988).

pcDNA3.1+ (Invitrogen™ life technologies, The Netherlands, Cat. No. V79020) serves as the plasmid vector.

Example 2 Construction of the Reporter Plasmid pGL2-MRG5-EGFP

The mammalian cell reporter plasmid pGL2-MRG5 is pGL2 (Promega) in which a DNA fragment from pMRG5 (Ikeda et al., 1998), comprising five GAL4 DNA-binding sites upstream of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) core promoter (Kretzschmar et al., 1994), is inserted upstream of the luciferase reporter gene of pGL2. For easier detection in cell culture, the luciferase reporter gene was replaced by the gene for EGFP (Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein) obtained from the vector pEGFP-N1 (Clontech Laboratories, Heidelberg).

Example 3 Co-Transfection of Human Neuroblastoma Cells

Human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y (ATCC CRL-2266) were co-transfected with both plasmids of Examples 1 and 2 and then microscopically analyzed under irradiation with light of wavelength 480 nm, by means of which EGFP is excited. It was possible to detect EGFP-expressing cells exhibiting strong green fluorescence. In order to ensure that the green fluorescence is specifically dependent on the expression of the EGFP by the reporter plasmid, SH-SY5Y cells were transfected only with the reporter plasmid pGL2-MRG5-EGFP. In these cells, no green fluorescence was detectable. The expression was activated by GAL4-VP16, which presupposes a proteolytic release of GAL4/VP16 from the C-terminus of SP-C100-GAL4/VP16.

Example 4 Use of the C100-Gal4/VP16 System for the Detection of a CDNA Coding for a γ-Secretase Activity in cDNA Libraries

SP-C100-Gal4/VP16 was cloned in the yeast expression vector pDBTrp (Invitrogen™ life technologies, The Netherlands, Cat. No. 10835023) under control of the MET25 promoter by replacing the portion of pDBTrp containing the ADH promoter and GAL4DB domains (positioned between the CYH2 gene and the multiple cloning site) with a DNA fragment containing the MET25 promoter from p415MET25 (Mumberg et al., 1994) upstream of SP-C100-Gal4-VP16. The yeast strain MaV203 (Invitrogen™ life technologies) was transformed with this construct. MaV203 is genetically modified and contains three GAL4-inducible reporter genes (URA3, HIS3, lacZ), which are stably integrated into the genome (Vidal et al., 1996). In MaV203 the proteolytic release of the GAL4/VP16 domain from SP-C100-Gal4-VP16 protein resulted in the activation of the URA3 and HIS3 read-out allowing growth on plates lacking uracil or hisitidine.

The expression of the SP-C100-Gal4-VP16 cDNA in MaV203 resulted in only low activity of the reporters, such that this in vivo functional assay system is suitable for screening for and detecting expression of a cDNA for a γ-secretase in a cDNA library.

Example 5 Identification of γ-Secretases by Screening of a Human B Cell cDNA Library

The recombinant MaV203 yeast strain from Example 4 was used for the purpose of screening a human B cell cDNA library (ATCC 87286; American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., U.S.A.; Elledge et al., 1991) for a cDNA encoding a protein with γ-secretase activity. Alternatively, a human hippocampal cDNA library, integrated into the yeast expression vectors p415-MET25 (Mumberg et al., 1994) or p415-ADH1 (Mumberg et al., 1995), can also be employed for screening for a cDNA which codes for a γ-secretase or a protein having γ-secretase-like activity.

Example 6 Cloning of SP2-C100 and SP2-C100-GAL4/VP16

The coding region for the human signal peptide of SP-C100-GAL4/VP16 (as described in Example 1) was replaced with a signal peptide derived from the yeast SUC2 gene (SP2; SEQ ID NO. 12), resulting in a construct encoding SP2-C100-GAL4/VP16 (SEQ ID NO. 19).

SP2-C100 was constructed by amplifying the coding region of the mature form of C100 (without signal sequence, cf. SEQ ID NO. 4) with a 5′-primer, which included the coding sequence for the SUC2-signal peptide (SEQ ID NO. 12) and a 3′-primer corresponding to the natural stop codon (Kang et al., (1987)). In order to facilitate the exchange of the signal peptide, the primers EH47 (SEQ ID NO. 23) and EH49 (SEQ ID NO. 24) were designed so that the resulting PCR product contained an additional Nhel site joining the coding regions for the signal peptide and the mature peptide. EH47: 5′-GCTCTAGAATGCTTTTGCAAGCTTTCCTTTTCCTTTTGGCT GGTTTTGCAGCC AAAATATCTGCAGCGCTAGCTGATGCAGAAT TCCGACATGAC-3′ EH49: 5′-CGGGATCCCTAGGCGCCGTTCTGCATCTGCTCAAAGAAC-3′

The SP2-C100-GAL4/VP16 was obtained by EcoRI cleavage to excise the C100 fragment of SP2-C100 and replace it with C100-GAL4/VP16.

The fragments were cloned into the yeast expression vector pDBTrp (Invitrogen™ life technologies, The Netherlands, Cat. No. 10835023) containing the MET25 promoter, as described in Example 4.

Example 7 Cloning of SP2-C-GAL4/VP16-100

To obtain the construct SP2-C-GAL4/VP16-100 (SEQ ID NO. 17), three independent PCR reactions were performed by use of the following primers: EH53: 5′-ACTATATCTAGAATGCTTTTGC-3′ EH54: 5′-TTCGATAGAAGACAGTAGCTTGCCAGATCTACCTTTCTTCTTCAGCA TCACCAA-3′ EH55: 5′-TTGGTGATGCTGAAGAAGAAAGGTAGATCTGGCAAGCTACTGTCTTC TATCGAA-3′ EH56: 5′-ATGATGAATGGATGTGTACTGGCCACTAGTACCCCCACCGTACTCGT CAATT-3′ EH57: 5′-AATTGACGAGTACGGTGGGGGTACTAGTGGCCAGTACACATCCATTC ATCAT-3′ EH59: 5′-CGATAAGCTTGATATCGAATTC-3′:

-   1) Using SP2-C100 as a template, the ectodomain and the     transmembrane domain of C100 were amplified by use of primers EH53     (SEQ ID NO. 25) and EH54 (SEQ ID NO. 26) in such a way that the PCR     product contained also the 3′-flanking region, which overlaps with     the GAL4/VP16 coding region. -   2) Using primers EH55 (SEQ ID NO. 27) and EH56 (SEQ ID NO. 28), and     GAL4/VP16 as the DNA template, a PCR reaction was performed to     amplify the coding region with 5′- and 3′-flanking regions     corresponding to each side of SP2-C100. -   3) The 3′-segment of SP2-C100 that encodes the cytoplasmic domain of     C100 was amplified by use of primers EH57 (SEQ ID NO. 29) and EH 59     (SEQ ID NO. 30), resulting in a 5′-overlap with the GAL4/VP16 coding     region. The resulting PCR products (of about 200 bp, 720 bp, and 100     bp) were purified and used for a final PCR in the presence of EH53     and EH59, corresponding to the 5′- and 3′-ends of SP2-C100. The     final PCR product of about 1000 bp was cloned into a yeast     expression vector derived from pDBTrp (Invitrogen™ life     technologies, The Netherlands, Cat. No. 10835023) containing the     MET25 promoter, as described in Example 4.

Example 8 Cloning of SP3-C100, SP3-C100-GAL4/VP16, and SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100

To create the three plasmid vectors for expression of SP3-C100, SP3-C100-GAL4/VP16 (SEQ ID No.21), and SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100 (SEQ ID NO. 32) in mammalian cell systems, either C100, C100-GAL4/VP16 or C-GAL4/VP16-100 were sub-cloned from the yeast expression vectors of Example 6 or 7 into the mammalian expression vector pRc/CMV (Invitrogen, Cat. No. V75020), which contains the coding region for the BM40 signal peptide (SP3; SEQ ID NO.13). The coding regions of the C100, C100-GAL4/VP16 or C-GAL4/VP16-100 were ligated in frame to the SP3 coding region at the unique Nhel restriction site described in Example 6.

Example 9 Improving the Expression of C100-GAL4/VP16 in Yeast

Quantification of the expression level of different constructs in crude lysates from transformed yeast revealed that the expression of SP-C100-GAL4/VP16 was very low, compared with lysates from yeast cells transformed with vectors encoding fusions with the yeast SUC2 signal peptide. For example, expression of SP2-C100-GAL4/VP16 resulted in the strong expression of a specific band of the expected size. However, also bands with higher electrophoretic mobility could be detected by immunoblotting, indicating non-specific degradation of the recombinant protein in yeast. The stability of the protein was improved in the case of C-GAL4/VP16-100 (see below) in which the GAL4/VP16 domain was inserted in-frame into C100, close to the γ-secretase cleavage site. Both fusion proteins gave expression levels comparable to the construct encoding C100 without GAL4/VP16, indicating that the two different fusions between C100 and GAL4/VP16 did not interfere with protein expression.

Example 10 Improving the Background in Yeast

The increased expression of C100-GAL4/VP16 due to the exchange of the signal peptides correlated with a strong increase in non-specific activation of the URA3, HIS3, and lacZ reporter systems in the yeast strain MaV203. Since yeast lacks γ-secretase activity, this was most likely due to non-specific processing of C100-GAL4/VP16 by cellular proteases and the release of active GAL4/VP16.

By moving the GAL4/VP16 domain closer to the γ-secretase cleavage site the non-specific proteolytic cleavage detected with C100-GAL4/VP16 at sites between the transmembrane domain of C100 and the amino terminal end of of the GAL4/VP16 domain was essentially eliminated.

Cleavage of the various constructs was tested in MaV203 by examining GAL4/VP16-dependent activation of the reporter systems.

Transformation of MaV203 with SP-C100-GAL4/VP16 exhibited a Ura⁺, His⁻phenotype (cf. Example 4). Increasing the expression levels by replacing the SP signal peptide with the SP2 peptide (to give SP2-C100-GAL4/VP16) resulted in a strong activation of all read-outs to a level similar to that detected in the positive control, MaV203 constitutively expressing full-length GAL4 protein (encoded by plasmid pCL1; Clontech Laboratories).

In contrast, MaV203 cells expressing SP2-C-GAL4/VP16-100, which is expressed at levels comparable to SP2-C100-GAL4/VP16, exhibited a Ura⁻-, His⁻-phenotype, as was exhibited also by MaV203 transformed with an empty vector control.

Therefore, SP2-C-GAL4/VP16-100 can be highly expressed in yeast, but still display very low non-specific activation of the GAL4-dependent reporters. High-level expression of the SP2-C-GAL4/VP16-100 protein, combined with a low background of non-specific cleavage/reporter activation, is a prerequisite for a read-out system with a surprisingly optimized signal-to-noise ratio.

Example 11 Processing of SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100 by γ-Secretase in Mammalian Cells

To demonstrate that SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100 protein expressed in mammalian cells is processed correctly by γ-secretase activity, SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100 was transfected into mammalian cells that have been shown to express γ-secretase activity endogenously (Haass et al., 1992). For expression in mammalian cells, the signal peptide in SP2-C-GAL4/VP16-100 was replaced, as described in Example 8, with a mammalian signal peptide derived from the basal membrane protein BM40, which is known for high level expression (SP3; SEQ ID NO. 13). Processing of γ-secretase was monitored by quantifying the secretion of Aβ into the culture medium. The secreted Aβ was detected by a sandwich ELISA using monoclonal antibodies 6E10 and biotinylated 4G8 (Senetek PLC, Napa, Calif., USA; cf. Kim et al., 1990) as capture and detection antibodies, respectively.

After transfection with SP3-C100 an eight-fold increase in Aβ secretion was observed in comparison to the empty vector control. Cells transfected with SP3-C100-GAL4/VP16 or SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100 secreted similar amounts of Aβ, indicating that neither the C-terminal nor the juxtamembrane fusion of GAL4/VP16 interferes with proteolytic processing by γ-secretase.

Example 12 Transcriptional Activation of GAL4/VP16-Dependent Reporter Gene by C-Gal4/VP16-100 Expressed in Mammalian Cells

Processing of C100-GAL4/VP16 and C-GAL4/VP16-100 by γ-secretase results in the release of a polypeptide containing GAL4/VP16 and additional amino acids from flanking portions of C100. SP3-C100-GAL4/VP16 and SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100 were co-transfected with the mammalian reporter-plasmid pGL2-MRG5-EGFP (Ikeda et al., 1998) described in Example 2, which contains five GAL4 DNA-binding sites upstream of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) core promoter and the cDNA encoding EGFP. The co-transfection of pGL2-MRG5-EGFP with the GAL4/VP16-containing fusions resulted in the appearance of GFP-positive cells in both cases.

Example 13 Construction of the Mammalian Expression Plasmid SP3-C55-GAL4/VP16:

Constructs containing the C100 sequence of APP and GAL4/VP16 contain both the cleavage site of γ-secretase and a cleavage site of caspase-like proteases. To avoid that an unspecific caspase-like activity could cleave SP3-C100-GAL4/VP16 between the authentic γ-secretase site and the GAL4/VP16 domain to release GAL4/VP16 and activate the reporter system in mammalian cells, the 45 amino acid C-terminal segment of C100 contained in SP3-C100-GAL4/VP16, encoding the cytoplasmic domain of APP, was deleted. Removal of the C-terminal 45 amino acids of C100 also eliminates an “internalization signal” peptide at the C-terminus of APP that directs the endocytosis of APP after being inserted in the plasma membrane.

Thus, the mammalian expression plasmid SP3-C55-GAL4/VP16 comprises the BM40 signal peptide (Seq ID No. 13), the N-terminal 55 amino acid residues (C55; Seq ID No. 6) of APP-C100, and GAL4/VP16. C55 begins with the N-terminus of the Aβ-peptide and ends with the transmembrane domain of APP. In SP3-C55-GAL4/VP16 protein, only the cleavage site for γ-secretase is present. C55 comprises the γ-secretase cleavage site and must be cleaved by γ-secretase in order to release the Aβ-peptide and GAL4/VP16. Moreover, because the endocytic internalization signal peptide is not present in SP3-C55-GAL4/VP16, only γ-secretase catalyzing cleavage of plasma membrane-associated C55-GAL4/VP16 will release Aβ-peptide and activate GAL4/VP16-dependent transcription of the reporter system.

The expression plasmid was derived from the vector SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100 by the introduction of a stop codon (TAG) after the GAL4/VP16 sequence.

This was performed by replacing the Hpal-Clal fragment of SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100 with a DNA fragment generated by PCR using SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100 as the DNA template, a 5′-primer upstream of the unique the Hpal site in GAL4/VP16, and a 3′-primer (5′-CCATCGATTTTCTAACCCCCACCGTA-3′; Seq ID No. 31) that introduces a TAG stop codon (underlined) and a Clal restriction site at the C-terminus of the GAL4/VP16 opening reading frame.

Example 14 Stable Transfected HEK293 Cells

HEK293 cells (Human Embryonic Kidney cell line, (ATCC)) were co-transfected with the plasmid SP3-C55-GAL4/VP16 and the luciferase reporter plasmid PGL2-MRG5(described in Example 2).

Subsequently, stable cell lines were selected by incubation with 400 μg/ml Geneticin (GibcoBRL) to select for Neomycin resistant clones and thereafter characterized for stable expression of SP3-C55-GAL4/VP16 and luciferase.

Example 15 Transient Transfection of HEK 293 Cells

HEK293 cells were co-transfected with the SP3-C55-GAL4/VP16 vector (0.03 μg) and the pGL2-MRG5 luciferase reporter vector (1 μg) in Multi-Well 12 plates.

The compounds DPAT (from Elan Pharmaceuticals; Dovey et al., 2001) and L-685,458 (from Merck Pharmaceuticals; Shearman et al., 2000), both known γ-secretase inhibitors, inhibited dose-dependently luciferase activity and Aβ-production, and exhibited an IC₅₀ of 14 nM (DAPT) and 19 nM (L-685,458), respectively.

Luciferase activity was quantified by the Bright-Glo Luciferase Assay kit (Promega). Aβ in the cell medium was quantified by ELISA, using the antibodies 4G8 and 6E10 (from Senetek), as described in Example 11. These antibodies are specific for amino acids 17-24 (4G8) and 1-17 (6E10) of the Aβ-peptide.

In transient transfection experiments, Aβ was also identified by immunoprecipitation and by immunoblotting. Both methods identified a 4 kDa band corresponding to Aβ-peptide.

Example 16 Pharmacological Characterization of the Stable Transfected HEK293 Cells

A clone of HEK293 cells that stably express both the SP3-C55-GAL4/VP16 and the MRG5-luciferase constructs was identified according to Example 14. This cell clone was used to examine the response of the stably γ-transfected mammalian cell assay system to DAPT (from Elan Pharm.; Dovey et al., 2001), and L-685,458 (from Merck Pharm.; Shearman et al., 2000)., Both compounds exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of luciferase activity (24 h treatment) with an IC₅₀ of 230 nM (DAPT) and 130 nM (L-685,458), respectively.

Example 17 Identification of Inhibitors of γ-Secretase

For the identification of γ-secretase inhibitors, stably double-transfected HEK293 cells (see Example 14) are incubated, in Multi-Well 96 plates, in the presence of the compound(s) under investigation (e.g., compound library screening) at a concentration 10 μM or less in the assay, and luciferase activity is determined 24 hours later. Luciferase activity can be quantified with the Luciferase Assay System kit (Promega), the Bright-Glo Luciferase Assay kit (Promega), or any other method for luciferase quantification. A decrease in luciferase activity reflects a decrease in γ-secretase activity.

References:

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Mello, C. and Fire, A. (1995) DNA transformation. In: Epstein, H. F. and Shakes, D. C., ed. Caenorhabditis elegans: Modern Biological Analysis of an Organism. Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 48. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., pp. 451-482. SEQ ID No. 1 (APP fragment) GAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITLVML SEQ ID No. 2 (APP fragment (First partial protein)) GAIIGLMVGGVV SEQ ID No. 3 (APP fragment (Second partial protein)) VIVITLVML SEQ ID No. 4 (C100 fragment) LDAEFRHDSG YEVHHQKLVF FAEDVGSNKG AIIGLMVGGV VIATVIVTTL VMLKKKQYTS IHHGVVEVDA AVTPEERHLS KMQQNGYENP TYKFFEQMQN SEQ ID No. 5 (Signal peptide of human APP (SP)) MLPGLALFLL AAWTARA SEQ ID No. 6 (C55 fragment) LDA EFRHDSGYEV HHQKLVFFAE DVGSNKGAII GLMVGGVVIA TVIVITLVML KK SEQ ID No. 7 (GAL4-VP1G) MKLLSSIEQA CDICRLKKLK CSKEKPKCAK CLKNNWECRY SPKTKRSPLT RAHLTEVESR LERLEQLFLL IFPREDLDMI LKMDSLQDIK ALLTGLFVQD NVNKDAVTDR LASVETDMPL TLRQHRISAT SSSEESSNKG QRQLTVSPEF PGIWAPPTDV SLGDELHLDG EDVAMAHADA LDDFDLDMLG DGDSPGPGFT SEQ ID No. 8 (SP-C100-GAL4-VP16) GGCAAGGCTTGACCGACAATTGCATGAAGAATCTGCTTAGGGTTAGGCGTTTTGCGCTGCTTCG CGATGTAC GGGCCAGATATACGCGTTGACATTGATTATTGACTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTC ATTAGTTC ATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCC CAACGACC CCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTG ACGTCAAT GGGTGGACTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTAC GCCCCCTA TTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTT TCCTACTT GGCAGTACATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTGATGCGGTTTTGGCAGTACATCAA TGGGCGTG GATAGCGGTTTGACTCACGGGGATTTCCAAGTCTCCACCCCATTGACGTCAATGGGAGTTTGTT TTGGCACC GCGTGTACGGTGGGAGGTCTATATAAGCAGAGCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGAGAACCCACTGCTTAC TGGCTTATCGAAATTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACCCAAGCTGGCTAGCGTTTAAACTTAA GCTTCACAGCTAGCGCA CTCGGTGCCCCGCGCAGGGTCGCGATGCTGCCCGGTTTGGCACTGTTCCTGCTGGCCGCCTGGA CGGCTCGGGCGCTGGATGCAGAATTCCGACATGACTCAGGATATGAAGTTCATCATCAAAAATT GGTGTTCTTTGCAGAAGATGTGGGTTCAAACAAAGGTGCAATCATTGGACTCATGGTGGGCGGT GTTGTCATAGCGACAGTGATCGTCATCACCTTGGTGATGCTGAAGAAGAAACAGTACACATCCA TTCATCATGGTGTGGTGGAGGTTGACGCCGCTGTCACCCCAGAGGAGCGCCACCTGTCCAAGAT GCAGCAGAACGGCTACGAAAATCCAACCTACAAGTTCTTTGAGCAGATGCAGAACGCGCGGGGT ACCCCGGCG ATGAAGC TACTGTCTTC TATCGAACAA GCATGCGATA TTTGCCGACT TAAAAAGCTC AAGTGCTCCA AAGAAAAACC GAAGTGCGCC AAGTGTCTGA AGAACAACTG GGAGTGTCGC TACTCTCCCA AAACCAAAAG GTCTCCGCTG ACTAGGGCAC ATCTGACAGA AGTGGAATCA AGGCTAGAAA GACTGGAACA GCTATTTCTA CTGATTTTTC CTCGAGAAGA CCTTGACATG ATTTTGAAAA TGGATTCTTT ACAGGATATA AAAGCATTGT TAACAGGATT ATTTGTACAA GATAATGTGA ATAAAGATGC CGTCACAGAT AGATTGGCTT CAGTGGAGAC TGATATGCCT CTAACATTGA GACAGCATAG AATAAGTGCG ACATCATCAT CGGAAGAGAG TAGTAACAAA GGTCAAAGAC AGTTGACTGT ATCG CCGGAATTCCCGGGGATCTGGGC CCCCCCGAC CGATGTCAGC CTGGGGGACG AGCTCCACTT AGACGGCGAG GACGTGGCGA TGGCGCATGC CGACGCGCTA GACGATTTCG ATCTGGACAT GTTGGGGGAC GGGGATTCCC CGGGGCCGGG ATTTACCCCC CACGACTCCG CCCCCTACGG CGCTCTGGAT ATGGCCGACT TCGAGTTTGA GCAGATGTTT ACCGATGCCC TTGGAATTGA CGAGTACGGT GGGTAG SEQ ID No. 9 (Human APP) AGTTTCCTCG GCAGCGGTAG GCGAGAGCAC GCGGAGGAGC GTGCGCGGGG GCCCCGGGAG ACGGCGGCGG TGGCGGCGCG GGCAGAGCAA GGACGCGGCG GATCCCACTC GCACAGCAGC GCACTCGGTG CCCCGCGCAG GGTCGCGATG CTGCCCGGTT TGGCACTGCT CCTGCTGGCC GCCTGGACGG CTCGGGCGCT GGAGGTACCC ACTGATGGTA ATGCTGGCCT GCTGGCTGAA CCCCAGATTG CCATGTTCTG TGGCAGACTG AACATGCACA TGAATGTCCA GAATGGGAAG TGGGATTCAG ATCCATCAGG GACCAAAACC TGCATTGATA CCAAGGAAGG CATCCTGCAG TATTGCCAAG AAGTCTACCC TGAACTGCAG ATCACCAATG TGGTAGAAGC CAACCAACCA GTGACCATCC AGAACTGGTG CAAGCGGGGC CGCAAGCAGT GCAAGACCCA TCCCCACTTT GTGATTCCCT ACCGCTGCTT AGTTGGTGAG TTTGTAAGTG ATGCCCTTCT CGTTCCTGAC AAGTGCAAAT TCTTACACCA GGAGAGGATG GATGTTTGCG AAACTCATCT TCACTGGCAC ACCGTCGCCA AAGAGACATG CAGTGAGAAG AGTACCAACT TGCATGACTA CGGCATGTTG CTGCCCTGCG GAATTGACAA GTTCCGAGGG GTAGAGTTTG TGTGTTGCCC ACTGGCTGAA GAAAGTGACA ATGTGGATTC TGCTGATGCG GAGGAGGATG ACTCGGATGT CTGGTGGGGC GGAGCAGACA CAGACTATGC AGATGGGAGT GAAGACAAAG TAGTAGAAGT AGCAGAGGAG GAAGAAGTGG CTGAGGTGGA AGAAGAAGAA GCCGATGATG ACGAGGACGA TGAGGATGGT GATGAGGTAG AGGAAGAGGC TGAGGAACCC TACGAAGAAG CCACAGAGAG AACCACCAGC ATTGCCACCA CCACCACCAC CACCACAGAG TCTGTGGAAG AGGTGGTTCG AGTTCCTACA ACAGCAGCCA GTACCCCTGA TGCCGTTGAC AAGTATCTCG AGACACCTGG GGATGAGAAT GAACATGCCC ATTTCCAGAA AGCCAAAGAG AGGCTTGAGG CCAAGCACCG AGAGAGAATG TCCCAGGTCA TGAGAGAATG GGAAGAGGCA GAACGTCAAG CAAAGAACTT GCCTAAAGCT GATAAGAAGG CAGTTATCCA GCATTTCCAG GAGAAAGTGG AATCTTTGGA ACAGGAAGCA GCCAACGAGA GACAGCAGCT GGTGGAGACA CACATGGCCA GAGTGGAAGC CATGCTCAAT GACCGCCGCC GCCTGGCCCT GGAGAACTAC ATCACCGCTC TGCAGGCTGT TCCTCCTCGG CCTCGTCACG TGTTCAATAT GCTAAAGAAG TATGTCCGCG CAGAACAGAA GGACAGACAG CACACCCTAA AGCATTTCGA GCATGTGCGC ATGGTGGATC CCAAGAAAGC CGCTCAGATC CGGTCCCAGG TTATGACACA CCTCCGTGTG ATTTATGAGC GCATGAATCA GTCTCTCTCC CTGCTCTACA ACGTGCCTGC AGTGGCCGAG GAGATTCAGG ATGAAGTTGA TGAGCTGCTT CAGAAAGAGC AAAACTATTC AGATGACGTC TTGGCCAACA TGATTAGTGA ACCAAGGATC AGTTACGGAA ACGATGCTCT CATGCCATCT TTGACCGAAA CGAAAACCAC CGTGGAGCTC CTTCCCGTGA ATGGAGAGTT CAGCCTGGAC GATCTCCAGC CGTGGCATTC TTTTGGGGCT GACTCTGTGC CAGCCAACAC AGAAAACGAA GTTGAGCCTG TTGATGCCCG CCCTGCTGCC GACCGAGGAC TGACCACTCG ACCAGGTTCT GGGTTGACAA ATATCAAGAC GGAGGAGATC TCTGAAGTGA AGATGGATGC AGAATTCCGA CATGACTCAG GATATGAAGT TCATCATCAA AAATTGGTGT TCTTTGCAGA AGATGTGGGT TCAAACAAAG GTGCAATCAT TGGACTCATG GTGGGCGGTG TTGTCATAGC GACAGTGATC GTCATCACCT TGGTGATGCT GAAGAAGAAA CAGTACACAT CCATTCATCA TGGTGTGGTG GAGGTTGACG CCGCTGTCAC CCCAGAGGAG CGCCACCTGT CCAAGATGCA GCAGAACGGC TACGAAAATC CAACCTACAA GTTCTTTGAG CAGATGCAGA ACTAGACCCC CGCCACAGCA GCCTCTGAAG TTGGACAGCA AAACCATTGC TTCACTACCC ATCGGTGTCC ATTTATAGAA TAATGTGGGA AGAAACAAAC CCGTTTTATG ATTTACTCAT TATCGCCTTT TGACAGCTGT GCTGTAACAC AAGTAGATGC CTGAACTTGA ATTAATCCAC ACATCAGTAA TGTATTCTAT CTCTCTTTAC ATTTTGGTCT CTATACTACA TTATTAATGG GTTTTGTGTA CTGTAAAGAA TTTAGCTGTA TCAAACTAGT GCATGAATAG ATTCTCTCCT GATTATTTAT CACATAGCCC CTTAGCCAGT TGTATATTAT TCTTGTGGTT TGTGACCCAA TTAAGTCCTA CTTTACATAT GCTTTAAGAA TCGATGGGGG ATGCTTCATG TGAACGTGGG AGTTCAGCTG CTTCTCTTGC CTAAGTATTC CTTTCCTGAT CACTATGCAT TTTAAAGTTA AACATTTTTA AGTATTTCAG ATGCTTTAGA GAGATTTTTT TTCCATGACT GCATTTTACT GTACAGATTG CTGCTTCTGC TATATTTGTG ATATAGGAAT TAAGAGGATA CACACGTTTG TTTCTTCGTG CCTGTTTTAT GTGCACACAT TAGGCATTGA GACTTCAAGC TTTTCTTTTT TTGTCCACGT ATCTTTGGGT CTTTGATAAA GAAAAGAATC CCTGTTCATT GTAAGCACTT TTACGGGGCG GGTGGGGAGG GGTGCTCTGC TGGTCTTCAA TTACCAAGAA TTCTCCAAAA CAATTTTCTG CAGGATGATT GTACAGAATC ATTGCTTATG ACATGATCGC TTTCTACACT GTATTACATA AATAAATTAA ATAAAATAAC CCCGGGCAAG ACTTTTCTTT GAAGGATGAC TACAGACATT AAATAATCGA AGTAATTTTG GGTGGGGAGA AGAGGCAGAT TCAATTTTCT TTAACCAGTC TGAAGTTTCA TTTATGATAC AAAAGAAGAT GAAAATGGAA GTGGCAATAT AAGGGGATGA GGAAGGCATG CCTGGACAAA CCCTTCTTTT AAGATGTGTC TTCAATTTGT ATAAAATGGT GTTTTCATGT AAATAAATAC ATTCTTGGAG GAGC SEQ ID No. 10 (Recombinant plasmid pDBTrp-MET25-SP-C100-GAL4-VP16) ACGAAAGGGCCTCGTGATACGCCTATTTTTATAGGTTAATGTCATGATAATAATGGTTTCTTAG GACGGATCGCTTGCCTGTAACTTACACGCGCCTCGTATCTTTTAATGATGGAATAATTTGGGAA TTTACTCTGTGTTTATTTATTTTTATGTTTTGTATTTGGATTTTAGAAAGTAAATAAAGAAGGT AGAAGAGTTACGGAATGAAGAAAAAAAAATAAACAAAGGTTTAAAAAATTTCAACAAAAAGCGT ACTTTACATATATATTTATTAGACAAGAAAAGCAGATTAAATAGATATACATTCGATTAACGAT AAGTAAAATGTAAAATCACAGGATTTTCGTGTGTGGTCTTCTACACAGACAAGATGAAACAATT CGGCATTAATACCTGAGAGCAGGAAGAGCAAGATAAAAGGTAGTATTTGTTGGCGATCCCCCTA GAGTCTTTTACATCTTCGGAAAACAAAAACTATTTTTTCTTTAATTTCTTTTTTTACTTTCTAT TTTTAATTTATATATTTATATTAAAAAATTTAAATTATAATTATTTTTATAGCACGTGATGAAA AGGACCCAGGTGGCACTTTTCGGGGAAATGTGCGCGGAACCCCTATTTGTTTATTTTTCTAAAT ACATTCAAATATGTATCCGCTCATGAGACAATAACCCTGATAAATGCTTCAATAATCTGCAGCT CTGGCCCGTGTCTCAAAATCTCTGATGTTACATTGCACAAGATAAAAATATATCATCATGAACA ATAAAACTGTCTGCTTACATAAACAGTAATACAAGGGGTGTTATGAGCCATATTCAACGGGAAA CGTCTTGCTGGAGGCCGCGATTAAATTCCAACATGGATGCTGATTTATATGGGTATAAATGGGC TCGCGATAATGTCGGGCAATCAGGTGCGACAATCTTTCGATTGTATGGGAAGCCCGATGCGCCA GAGTTGTTTCTGAAACATGGCAAAGGTAGCGTTGCCAATGATGTTACAGATGAGATGGTCAGAC TAAACTGGCTGACGGAATTTATGCCTCTTCCGACCATCAAGCATTTTATCCGTACTCCTGATGA TGCATGGTTACTCACCACTGCGATCCGCGGGAAAACAGCATTCCAGGTATTAGAAGAATATCCT GATTCAGGTGAAAATATTGTTGATGCGCTGGCAGTGTTCCTGCGCCGGTTGCATTCGATTCCTG TTTGTAATTGTCCTTTTAACAGCGATCGCGTATTTCGTCTCGCTCAGGCGCAATCACGAATGAA TAACGGTTTGGTTGATGCGAGTGATTTTGATGACGAGCGTAATGGCTGGCCTGTTGAACAAGTC TGGAAAGAAATGCATACGCTTTTGCCATTCTCACCGGATTCAGTCGTCACTCATGGTGATTTCT CACTTGATAACCTTATTTTTGACGAGGGGAAATTAATAGGTTGTATTGATGTTGGACGAGTCGG AATCGCAGACCGATACCAGGATCTTGCCATCCTATGGAACTGCCTCGGTGAGTTTTCTCCTTCA TTACAGAAACGGCTTTTTCAAAAATATGGTATTGATAATCCTGATATGAATAAATTGCAGTTTC ATTTGATGCTCGATGAGTTTTTCTAATCAGAATTGGTTAATTGGTTGTAACACTGGCAGAGCAT TACGCTGACTTGACGGGACGGCGCATGACCAAAATCCCTTAACGTGAGTTTTCGTTCCACTGAG CGTCAGACCCCGTAGAAAAGATCAAAGGATCTTCTTGAGATCCTTTTTTTCTGCGCGTAATCTG CTGCTTGCAAACAAAAAAACCACCGCTACCAGCGGTGGTTTGTTTGCCGGATCAAGAGCTACCA ACTCTTTTTCCGAAGGTAACTGGCTTCAGCAGAGCGCAGATACCAAATACTGTCCTTCTAGTGT AGCCGTAGTTAGGCCACCACTTCAAGAACTCTGTAGCACCGCCTACATACCTCGCTCTGCTAAT CCTGTTACCAGTGGCTGCTGCCAGTGGCGATAAGTCGTGTCTTACCGGGTTGGACTCAAGACGA TAGTTACCGGATAAGGCGCAGCGGTCGGGCTGAACGGGGGGTTCGTGCACACAGCCCAGCTTGG AGCGAACGACCTACACCGAACTGAGATACCTACAGCGTGAGCATTGAGAAAGCGCCACGCTTCC CGAAGGGAGAAAGGCGGACAGGTATCCGGTAAGCGGCAGGGTCGGAACAGGAGAGCGCACGAGG GAGCTTCCAGGGGGGAACGCCTGGTATCTTTATAGTCCTGTCGGGTTTCGCCACCTCTGACTTG AGCGTCGATTTTTGTGATGCTCGTCAGGGGGGCCGAGCCTATGGAAAAACGCCAGCAACGCGGC CTTTTTACGGTTCCTGGCCTTTTGCTGGCCTTTTGCTCACATGTTCTTTCCTGCGTTATCCCCT GATTCTGTGGATAACCGTATTACCGCCTTTGAGTGAGCTGATACCGCTCGCCGCAGCCGAACGA CCGAGCGCAGCGAGTCAGTGAGCGAGGAAGCGGAAGAGCGCCCAATACGCAAACCGCCTCTCCC CGCGCGTTGGCCGATTCATTAATGCAGCTGGCACGACAGGTTTCCCGACTGGAAAGCGGGCAGT GAGCGCAACGCAATTAATGTGAGTTACCTCACTCATTAGGCACCCCAGGCTTTACACTTTATGC TTCCGGCTCCTATGTTGTGTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAAACAGCTATGA CCATGATTACGCCAAGCTCGGAATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGGAACAAAAGCTGGTACCGATCCCG AGCTTTGCAAATTAAAGCCTTCGAGCGTCCCAAAACCTTCTCAAGCAAGGTTTTCAGTATAATG TTACATGCGTACACGCGTCTGTACAGAAAAAAAAGAAAAATTTGAAATATAAATAACGTTCTTA ATACTAACATAACTATAAAAAAATAAATAGGGACCTAGACTTCAGGTTGTCTAACTCCTTCCTT TTCGGTTAGAGCGGATGTGGGGGGAGGGCGTGAATGTAAGCGTGACATAACTAATTACATGATA TCGACAAAGGAAAAGGGGCCTGTTTACTCACAGGCTTTTTTCAAGTAGGTAATTAAGTCGTTTC TGTCTTTTTCCTTCTTCAACCCACCAAAGGCCATCTTGGTACTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTCATAGAAATAATACAGAAGTAGATGTTGAATTAGATTAAACTGAAGATATATAATT TATTGGAAAATACATAGAGCTTTTTGTTGATGCGCTTAAGCGATCAATTCAACAACACCACCAG CAGCTCTGATTTTTTCTTCAGCCAACTTGGAGACGAATCTAGCTTTGACGATAACTGGAACATT TGGAATTCTACCCTTACCCAAGATCTTACCGTAACCGGCTGCCAAAGTGTCAATAACTGGAGCA GTTTCCTTAGAAGCAGATTTCAAGTATTGGTCTCTCTTGTCTTCTGGGATCAATGTCCACAATT TGTCCAAGTTCAAGACTGGCTTCCAGAAATGAGCTTGTTGCTTGTGGAAGTATCTCATACCAAC CTTACCGAAATAACCTGGATGGTATTTATCCATGTTAATTCTGTGGTGATGTTGACCACCGGCC ATACCTCTACCACCGGGGTGCTTTCTGTGCTTACCGATACGACCTTTACCGGCTGAGACGTGAC CTCTGTGCTTTCTAGTCTTAGTGAATCTGGAAGGCATTCTTGATTAGTTGGATGATTGTTCTGG GATTTAATGCAAAAATCACTTAAGAAGGAAAATCAACGGAGAAAGCAAACGCCATCTTAAATAT ACGGGATACAGATGAAAGGGTTTGAACCTATCTGGAAAATAGCATTAAACAAGCGAAAAACTGC GAGGAAAATTGTTTGCGTCTCTGCGGGCTATTCACGCGCCAGAGGAAAATAGGAAAAATAACAG GGCATTAGAAAAATAATTTTGATTTTGGTAATGTGTGGGTCCTGGTGTACAGATGTTACATTGG TTACAGTACTCTTGTTTTTGCTGTGTTTTTCGATGAATCTCCAAAATGGTTGTTAGCACATGGA AGAGTCACCGATGCTAAGTTATCTCTATGTAAGCTACGTGGCGTGACTTTTGATGAAGCCGCAC AAGAGATACAGGATTGGCAACTGCAAATAGAATCTGGGGATCCCCCCTCGACGGATGCAAGGGT TCGAATCCCTTAGCTCTCATTATTTTTTGCTTTTTCTCTTGAG.GTSGTCACATGATCGCAAAA TGGCAAATGGCACGTGAAGCTGTCGATATTGGGGAACTGTGGTGGTTGGCAAATGACTAATTAA GTTAGTCAAGGCGCCATCCTCATGAAAACTGTGTAACATAATAACCGAAGTGTCGAAAAGGTGG CACCTTGTCCAATTGAACACGCTCGATGAAAAAAATAAGATATATATAAGGTTAAGTAAAGCGT CTGTTAGAAAGGAAGTTTTTCCTTTTTCTTGCTCTCTTGTCTTTTCATCTACTATTTCCTTCGT GTAATACAGGGTCGTCAGATACATAGATACAATTCTATTACCCCCATCCATACATCTAGAACTA GTGGATCCCCCGGGCTGCAGGAATTCGATATCAAGCTTCACAGCTAGCGCACTCGGTGCCCCGC GCAGGGTCGCGATGCTGCCCGGTTTGGCACTGTTCCTGCTGGCCGCCTGGACGGCTCGGGCGCT GGATGCAGAATTCCGACATGACTCAGGATATGAAGTTCATCATCAAAAATTGGTGTTCTTTGCA GAAGATGTGGGTTCAAACAAAGGTGCAATCATTGGACTCATGGTGGGCGGTGTTGTCATAGCGA CAGTGATCGTCATCACCTTGGTGATGCTGAAGAAGAAACAGTACACATCCATTCATCATGGTGT GGTGGAGGTTGACGCCGCTGTCACCCCAGAGGAGCGCCACCTGTCCAAGATGCAGCAGAACGGC TACGAAAATCCAACCTACAAGTTCTTTGAGCAGATGCAGAACGCGCGGGGTACCCCGGCGATGA AGCTACTGTCTTCTATCGAACAAGCATGCGATATTTGCCGACTTAAAAAGCTCAAGTGCTCCAA AGAAAAACCGAAGTGCGCCAAGTGTCTGAAGAACAACTGGGAGTGTCGCTACTCTCCCAAAACC AAAAGGTCTCCGCTGACTAGGGCACATCTGACAGAAGTGGAATCAAGGCTAGAAAGACTGGAAC AGCTATTTCTACTGATTTTTCCTCGAGAAGACCTTGACATGATTTTGAAAATGGATTCTTTACA GGATATAAAAGCATTGTTAACAGGATTATTTGTACAAGATAATGTGAATAAAGATGCCGTCACA GATAGATTGGCTTCAGTGGAGACTGATATGCCTCTAACATTGAGACAGCATAGAATAAGTGCGA CATCATCATCGGAAGAGAGTAGTAACAAAGGTCAAAGACAGTTGACTGTATCGCCGGAATTCCC GGGGATCTGGGCCCCCCCGACCGATGTCAGCCTGGGGGACGAGCTCCACTTAGACGGCGAGGAC GTGGCGATGGCGCATGCCGACGCGCTAGACGATTTCGATCTGGACATGTTGGGGGACGGGGATT CCCCGGGGCCGGGATTTACCCCCCACGACTCCGCCCCCTACGGCGCTCTGGATATGGCCGACTT CGAGTTTGAGCAGATGTTTACCGATGCCCTTGGAATTGACGAGTACGGTGGGTAGGGATCCACT AGTCCAGTGTGGTGGAATTCTGCAGATATCCAGCACAGTGGCGGCCGCTCGACCCCGGGTGCTA GCAAGGCCTTGTGGCCAGCCATGGCAACTAGTGCGGCCGCTAAGTAAGTAAGACGTCGAGCTCT AAGTAAGTAACGGCCGCCACCGCGGTGGAGCTTTGGACTTCTTCGCCAGAGGTTTGGTCAAGTC TCCAATCAAGGTTGTCGGCTTGTCTACCTTGCCAGAAATTTACGAAAAGATGGAAAAGGGTCAA ATCGTTGGTAGATACGTTGTTGACACTTCTAAATAAGCGAATTTCTTATGATTTATGATTTTTA TTATTAAATAAGTTATAAAAAAAATAAGTGTATACAAATTTTAAAGTGACTCTTAGGTTTTAAA ACGAAAATTCTTGTTCTTGAGTAACTCTTTCCTGTAGGTCAGGTTGCTTTCTCAGGTATAGCAT GAGGTCGCTCTTATTGACCACACCTCTACCGGCATGCCGAGCAAATGCCTGCAAATCGCTCCCC ATTTCACCCAATTGTAGATATGCTAACTCCAGCAATGAGTTGATGAATCTCGGTGTGTATTTTA TGTCCTCAGAGGACAATACCTGTTGTAATCGTTCTTCCACACGGATCCCAATTCGCCCTATAGT GAGTCGTATTACAATTCACTGGCCGTCGTTTTACAACGTCGTGACTGGGAAAACCCTGGCGTTA CCCAACTTAATCGCCTTGCAGCACATCCCCCTTTCGCCAGCTGGCGTAATAGCGAAGAGGCCCG CACCGATCGCCCTTCCCAACAGTTGCGCAGCCTGAATGGCGAATGGACGCGCCCTGTAGCGGCG CATTAAGCGCGGCGGGTGTGGTGGTTACGCGCAGCGTGACCGCTACACTTGCCAGCGCCCTAGC GCCCGCTCCTTTCGCTTTCTTCCCTTCCTTTCTCGCCACGTTCGCCGGCTTTCCCCGTCAAGCT CTAAATCGGGGGCTCCCTTTAGGGTTCCGATTTAGTGCTTTACGGCACCTCGACCCCAAAAAAC TTGATTAGGGTGATGGTTCACGTAGTGGGCCATCGCCCTGATAGACGGTTTTTCGCCCTTTGAC GTTGGAGTCCACGTTCTTTAATAGTGGACTCTTGTTCCAAACTGGAACAACACTCAACCCTATC TCGGTCTATTCTTTTGATTTATAAGGGATTTTGCCGATTTCGGCCTATTGGTTAAAAAATGAGC TGATTTAACAAAAATTTAACGCGAATTTTAACAAAATATTAACGTTTACAATTTCCTGATGCGG TATTTTCTCCTTACGCATCTGTGCGGTATTTCACACCGCAGGCAAGTGCACAAACAATACTTAA ATAAATACTACTCAGTAATAACCTATTTCTTAGCATTTTTGACGAAATTTGCTATTTTGTTAGA GTCTTTTACACCATTTGTCTCCACACCTCCGCTTACATCAACACCAATAACGCCATTTAATCTA AGCGCATCACCAACATTTTCTGGCGTCAGTCCACCAGCTAACATAAAATGTAAGCTTTCGGGGC TCTCTTGCCTTCCAACCCAGTCAGAAATCGAGTTCCAATCCAAAAGTTCACCTGTCCCACCTGC TTCTGAATCAAACAAGGGAATAAACGAATGAGGTTTCTGTGAAGCTGCACTGAGTAGTATGTTG CAGTCTTTTGGAAATACGAGTCTTTTAATAACTGGCAAACCGAGGAACTCTTGGTATTCTTGCC ACGACTCATCTCCATGCAGTTGGACGATATCAATGCCGTAATCATTGACCAGAGCCAAAACATC CTCCTTAGGTTGATTACGAAACACGCCAACCAAGTATTTCGGAGTGCCTGAACTATTTTTATAT GCTTTTACAAGACTTGAAATTTTCCTTGCAATAACCGGGTCAATTGTTCTCTTTCTATTGGGCA CACATATAATACCCAGCAAGTCAGCATCGGAATCTAGAGCACATTCTGCGGCCTCTGTGCTCTG CAAGCCGCAAACTTTCACCAATGGACCAGAACTACCTGTGAAATTAATAACAGACATACTCCAA GCTGCCTTTGTGTGCTTAATCACGTATACTCACGTGCTCAATAGTCACCAATGCCCTCCCTCTT GGCCCTCTCCTTTTCTTTTTTCGACCGAATTAATTCTTAATCGGCAAAAAAAGAAAAGCTCCGG ATCAAGATTGTACGTAAGGTGACAAGCTATTTTTCAATAAAGAATATCTTCCACTACTGCCATC TGGCGTCATAACTGCAAAGTACACATATATTACGATGCTGTCTATTAAATGCTTCCTATATTAT ATATATAGTAATGTCGTTTATGGTGCACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTCTGATGCCGCATAGTTAAG CCAGCCCCGACACCCGCCAACACCCGCTGACGCGCCCTGACGGGCTTGTCTGCTCCCGGCATCC GCTTACAGACAAGCTGTGACCGTCTCCGGGAGCTGCATGTGTCAGAGGTTTTCACCGTCATCAC CGAAACGCGCGA SEQ ID No. 11 (SP-C100-GAL4-VP16 fusion protein) MLPGLALFLL AAWTARALDA EFRHDSGYEV HHQKLVFFAE DVGSNKGAII GLMVGGVVIA TVIVITLVML KKKQYTSIHH GVVEVDAAVT PEERHLSKMQ QNGYENPTYK FFEQMQNARG TPANKLLSSI EQACDICRLK KLKCSKEKPK CAKCLKNNWE CRYSPKTKRS PLTRAHLTEV ESRLERLEQL FLLIFPREDL DMILKMDSLQ DIKALLTGLF VQDNVNKDAV TDRLASVETD MPLTLRQHRI SATSSSEESS NKGQRQLTVS PEFPGIWAPP TDVSLGDELH LDGEDVAMAH ADALDDFDLD MLGDGDSPGP GFTPHDSAPY GALDMADFEF EQMFTDALGT DEY GG SEQ ID No. 12 (Signal peptide of yeast SUC2 gene (SP2)) MLLRAFLFLLAGFAAKISAALA SEQ ID No. 13 (Signal peptide of mammalian basal membrane protein BM40 (SP3)) MRAWIFFLLCLAGRALA SEQ ID No. 14 (SP-C55-GAL4-VP16) MLPGLALFLL AAWTARALDA EFRHDSGYEV HHQKLVFFAE DVGSNKGAII GLMVGGVVIA TVIVITLVML KKKGRSGKLL SSIEQACDIC RLKKLKCSKE KPKCAKCLKN NWECRYSPKT KRSPLTRAHL TEVESRLERL EQLFLLIFPR EDLDMILKMD SLQDIKALLT GLFVQDNVNK DAVTDRLASV ETDMPLTLRQ HRISATSSSE ESSNKGQRQL TVSPEFPGIW APPTDVSLGD ELHLDGEDVA MAHADALDDF DLDMLGDGDS PGPGFTPHDS APYGALEMAD FEFEQMFTDA LGIDEYGG SEQ ID No. 15 (SP-C55-GAL4/VP16-TAG)    1 gacggatcgg gagatctccc gatcccctat ggtcgactct cagtacaatc tgctctgatg   61 ccgcatagtt aagccagtat ctgctccctg cttgtgtgtt ggaggtcgct gagtagtgcg  121 cgagcaaaat ttaagctaca acaaggcaag gcttgaccga caattgcatg aagaatctgc  181 ttagggttag gcgttttgcg ctgcttcgcg atgtacgggc cagatatacg cgttgacatt  241 gattattgac tagttattaa tagtaatcaa ttacggggtc attagttcat agcccatata  301 tggagttccg cgttacataa cttacggtaa atggcccgcc tggctgaccg cccaacgacc  361 cccgcccatt gacgtcaata atgacgtatg ttcccatagt aacgccaata gggactttcc  421 attgacgtca atgggtggac tatttacggt aaactgccca cttggcagta catcaagtgt  481 atcatatgcc aagtacgccc cctattgacg tcaatgacgg taaatggccc gcctggcatt  541 atgcccagta catgacctta tgggactttc ctacttggca gtacatctac gtattagtca  601 tcgctattac catggtgatg cggttttggc agtacatcaa tgggcgtgga tagcggtttg  661 actcacgggg atttccaagt ctccacccca ttgacgtcaa tgggagtttg ttttggcacc  721 aaaatcaacg ggactttcca aaatgtcgta acaactccgc cccattgacg caaatgggcg  781 gtaggcgtgt acggtgggag gtctatataa gcagagctct ctggctaact agagaaccca  841 ctgcttaact ggcttatcga aattaatacg actcactata gggagaccca agcttctgcc  901 tgccgcctgc ctgcctgcca ctgagggttc ccagcaccat gagggcctgg atcttctttc  961 tcctttgcct ggccgggagg gctctggcag ccccgctagc tgatgcagaa ttccgacatg 1021 actcaggata tgaagttcat catcaaaaat tggtgttctt tgcagaagat gtgggttcaa 1081 acaaaggtgc aatcattgga ctcatggtgg gcggtgttgt catagcgaca gtgatcgtca 1141 tcaccttggt gatgctgaag aagaaaggta gatctggcaa gctactgtct tctatcgaac 1201 aagcatgcga tatttgccga cttaaaaagc tcaagtgctc caaagaaaaa ccgaagtgcg 1261 ccaagtgtct gaagaacaac tgggagtgtc gctactctcc caaaaccaaa aggtctccgc 1321 tgactagggc acatctgaca gaagtggaat caaggctaga aagactggaa cagctatttc 1381 tactgatttt tcctcgagaa gaccttgaca tgattttgaa aatggattct ttacaggata 1441 taaaagcatt gttaacagga ttatttgtac aagataatgt gaataaagat gccgtcacag 1501 atagattggc ttcagtggag actgatatgc ctctaacatt gagacagcat agaataagtg 1561 cgacatcatc atcggaagag agtagtaaca aaggtcaaag acagttgact gtatcgccgg 1621 aattcccggg gatctgggcc cccccgaccg atgtcagcct gggggacgag ctccacttag 1681 acggcgagga cgtggcgatg gcgcatgccg acgcgctaga cgatttcgat ctggacatgt 1741 tgggggacgg ggattccccg ggtccgggat ttacccccca cgactccgcc ccctacggcg 1801 ctctggatat ggccgacttc gagtttgagc agatgtttac cgatgccctt ggaattgacg 1861 agtacggtgg gggttagaaa atcgataccg tcgaggccgc tcgagcatgc atctagaggg 1921 ccctattcta tagtgtcacc taaatgctag agctcgctga tcagcctcga ctgtgccttc 1981 tagttgccag ccatctgttg tttgcccctc ccccgtgcct tccttgaccc tggaaggtgc 2041 cactcccact gtcctttcct aataaaatga ggaaattgca tcgcattgtc tgagtaggtg 2101 tcattctatt ctggggggtg gggtggggca ggacagcaag ggggaggatt gggaagacaa 2161 tagcaggcat gctggggatg cggtgggctc tatggaacca gctggggctc gaggggggat 2221 ccccacgcgc cctgtagcgg cgcattaagc gcggcgggtg tggtggttac gcgcagcgtg 2281 accgctacac ttgccagcgc cctagcgccc gctcctttcg ctttcttccc ttcctttctc 2341 gccacgttcg ccggctttcc ccgtcaagct ctaaatcggg gcatcccttt agggttccga 2401 tttagtgctt tacggcacct cgaccccaaa aaacttgatt agggtgatgg ttcacgtagt 2461 gggccatcgc cctgatagac ggtttttcgc cctttgacgt tggagtccac gttctttaat 2521 agtggactct tgttccaaac tggaacaaca ctcaacccta tctcggtcta ttcttttgat 2581 ttataaggga ttttggggat ttcggcctat tggttaaaaa atgagctgat ttaacaaaaa 2641 tttaacgcga attttaacaa aatattaacg tttacaattt aaatatttgc ttatacaatc 2701 ttcctgtttt tggggctttt ctgattatca accggggtgg gtaccgagct cgaattctgt 2761 ggaatgtgtg tcagttaggg tgtggaaagt ccccaggctc cccaggcagg cagaagtatg 2821 caaagcatgc atctcaatta gtcagcaacc aggtgtggaa agtccccagg ctccccagca 2881 ggcagaagta tgcaaagcat gcatctcaat tagtcagcaa ccatagtccc gcccctaact 2941 ccgcccatcc cgcccctaac tccgcccagt tccgcccatt ctccgcccca tggctgacta 3001 atttttttta tttatgcaga ggccgaggcc gcctcggcct ctgagctatt ccagaagtag 3061 tgaggaggct tttttggagg cctaggcttt tgcaaaaagc tcccgggagc ttggatatcc 3121 attttcggat ctgatcaaga gacaggatga ggatcgtttc gcatgattga acaagatgga 3181 ttgcacgcag gttctccggc cgcttgggtg gagaggctat tcggctatga ctgggcacaa 3241 cagacaatcg gctgctctga tgccgccgtg ttccggctgt cagcgcaggg gcgcccggtt 3301 ctttttgtca agaccgacct gtccggtgcc ctgaatgaac tgcaggacga ggcagcgcgg 3361 ctatcgtggc tggccacgac gggcgttcct tgcgcagctg tgctcgacgt tgtcactgaa 3421 gcgggaaggg actggctgct attgggcgaa gtgccggggc aggatctcct gtcatctcac 3481 cttgctcctg ccgagaaagt atccatcatg gctgatgcaa tgcggcggct gcatacgctt 3541 gatccggcta cctgcccatt cgaccaccaa gcgaaacatc gcatcgagcg agcacgtact 3601 cggatggaag ccggtcttgt cgatcaggat gatctggacg aagagcatca ggggctcgcg 3661 ccagccgaac tgttcgccag gctcaaggcg cgcatgcccg acggcgagga tctcgtcgtg 3721 acccatggcg atgcctgctt gccgaatatc atggtggaaa atggccgctt ttctggattc 3781 atcgactgtg gccggctggg tgtggcggac cgctatcagg acatagcgtt ggctacccgt 3841 gatattgctg aagagcttgg cggcgaatgg gctgaccgct tcctcgtgct ttacggtatc 3901 gccgctcccg attcgcagcg catcgccttc tatcgccttc ttgacgagtt cttctgagcg 3961 ggactctggg gttcgaaatg accgaccaag cgacgcccaa cctgccatca cgagatttcg 4021 attccaccgc cgccttctat gaaaggttgg gcttcggaat cgttttccgg gacgccggct 4081 ggatgatcct ccagcgcggg gatctcatgc tggagttctt cgcccacccc aacttgttta 4141 ttgcagctta taatggttac aaataaagca atagcatcac aaatttcaca aataaagcat 4201 ttttttcact gcattctagt tgtggtttgt ccaaactcat caatgtatct tatcatgtct 4261 ggatcccgtc gacctcgaga gcttggcgta atcatggtca tagctgtttc ctgtgtgaaa 4321 ttgttatccg ctcacaattc cacacaacat acgagccgga agcataaagt gtaaagcctg 4381 gggtgcctaa tgagtgagct aactcacatt aattgcgttg cgctcactgc ccgctttcca 4441 gtcgggaaac ctgtcgtgcc agctgcatta atgaatcggc caacgcgcgg ggagaggcgg 4501 tttgcgtatt gggcgctctt ccgcttcctc gctcactgac tcgctgcgct cggtcgttcg 4561 gctgcggcga gcggtatcag ctcactcaaa ggcggtaata cggttatcca cagaatcagg 4621 ggataacgca ggaaagaaca tgtgagcaaa aggccagcaa aaggccagga accgtaaaaa 4681 ggccgcgttg ctggcgtttt tccataggct ccgcccccct gacgagcatc acaaaaatcg 4741 acgctcaagt cagaggtggc gaaacccgac aggactataa agataccagg cgtttccccc 4801 tggaagctcc ctcgtgcgct ctcotgttcc gaccctgccg cttaccggat acctgtccgc 4861 ctttctccct tcgggaagcg tggcgctttc tcaatgctca cgctgtaggt atctcagttc 4921 ggtgtaggtc gttcgctcca agctgggctg tgtgcacgaa ccccccgttc agcccgaccg 4981 ctgcgcctta tccggtaact atcgtcttga gtccaacccg gtaagacacg acttatcgcc 5041 actggcagca gccactggta acaggattag cagagcgagg tatgtaggcg gtgctacaga 5101 gttcttgaag tggtggccta actacggcta cactagaagg acagtatttg gtatctgcgc 5161 tctgctgaag ccagttacct tcggaaaaag agttggtagc tcttgatccg gcaaacaaac 5221 caccgctggt agcggtggtt tttttgtttg caagcagcag attacgcgca gaaaaaaagg 5281 atctcaagaa gatcctttga tcttttctac ggggtctgac gctcagtgga acgaaaactc 5341 acgttaaggg attttggtca tgagattatc aaaaaggatc ttcacctaga tccttttaaa 5401 ttaaaaatga agttttaaat caatctaaag tatatatgag taaacttggt ctgacagtta 5461 ccaatgctta atcagtgagg cacctatctc agcgatctgt ctatttcgtt catccatagt 5521 tgcctgactc cccgtcgtgt agataactac gatacgggag ggcttaccat ctggccccag 5581 tgctgcaatg ataccgcgag acccacgctc accggctcca gatttatcag caataaacca 5641 gccagccgga agggccgagc gcagaagtgg tcctgcaact ttatccgcct ccatccagtc 5701 tattaattgt tgccgggaag ctagagtaag tagttcgcca gttaatagtt tgcgcaacgt 5761 tgttgccatt gctacaggca tcgtggtgtc acgctcgtcg tttggtatgg cttcattcag 5821 ctccggttcc caacgatcaa ggcgagttac atgatccccc atgttgtgca aaaaagcggt 5881 tagctccttc ggtcctccga tcgttgtcag aagtaagttg gccgcagtgt tatcactcat 5941 ggttatggca gcactgcata attctcttac tgtcatgcca tccgtaagat gcttttctgt 6001 gactggtgag tactcaacca agtcattctg agaatagtgt atgcggcgac cgagttgctc 6061 ttgcccggcg tcaatacggg ataataccgc gccacatagc agaactttaa aagtgctcat 6121 cattggaaaa cgttcttcgg ggcgaaaact ctcaaggatc ttaccgctgt tgagatccag 6181 ttcgatgtaa cccactcgtg cacccaactg atcttcagca tcttttactt tcaccagcgt 6241 ttctgggtga gcaaaaacag gaaggcaaaa tgccgcaaaa aagggaataa gggcgacacg 6301 gaaatgttga atactcatac tcttcctttt tcaatattat tgaagcattt atcagggtta 6361 ttgtctcatg agcggataca tatttgaatg tatttagaaa aataaacaaa taggggttcc 6421 gcgcacattt ccccgaaaag tgccacctga cgtc SEQ ID No. 16 (Recombinant Plasmid pDBTrp-MET25-SP-C-Gal4/VP16-100)    1 gacgaaaggg cctcgtgata cgcctatttt tataggttaa tgtcatgata ataatggttt   61 cttaggacgg atcgcttgcc tgtaacttac acgcgcctcg tatcttttaa tgatggaata  121 atttgggaat ttactctgtg tttatttatt tttatgtttt gtatttggat tttagaaagt  181 aaataaagaa ggtagaagag ttacggaatg aagaaaaaaa aataaacaaa ggtttaaaaa  241 atttcaacaa aaagcgtact ttacatatat atttattaga caagaaaagc agattaaata  301 gatatacatt cgattaacga taagtaaaat gtaaaatcac aggattttcg tgtgtggtct  361 tctacacaga caagatgaaa caattcggca ttaatacctg agagcaggaa gagcaagata  421 aaaggtagta tttgttggcg atccccctag agtcttttac atcttcggaa aacaaaaact  481 attttttctt taatttcttt ttttactttc tatttttaat ttatatattt atattaaaaa  541 atttaaatta taattatttt tatagcacgt gatgaaaagg acccaggtgg cacttttcgg  601 ggaaatgtgc gcggaacccc tatttgttta tttttctaaa tacattcaaa tatgtatccg  661 ctcatgagac aataaccctg ataaatgctt caataatctg cagctctggc ccgtgtctca  721 aaatctctga tgttacattg cacaagataa aaatatatca tcatgaacaa taaaactgtc  781 tgcttacata aacagtaata caaggggtgt tatgagccat attcaacggg aaacgtcttg  841 ctggaggccg cgattaaatt ccaacatgga tgctgattta tatgggtata aatgggctcg  901 cgataatgtc gggcaatcag gtgcgacaat ctttcgattg tatgggaagc ccgatgcgcc  961 agagttgttt ctgaaacatg gcaaaggtag cgttgccaat gatgttacag atgagatggt 1021 cagactaaac tggctgacgg aatttatgcc tcttccgacc atcaagcatt ttatccgtac 1081 tcctgatgat gcatggttac tcaccactgc gatccgcggg aaaacagcat tccaggtatt 1141 agaagaatat cctgattcag gtgaaaatat tgttgatgcg ctggcagtgt tcctgcgccg 1201 gttgcattcg attcctgttt gtaattgtcc ttttaacagc gatcgcgtat ttcgtctcgc 1261 tcaggcgcaa tcacgaatga ataacggttt ggttgatgcg agtgattttg atgacgagcg 1321 taatggctgg cctgttgaac aagtctggaa agaaatgcat acgcttttgc cattctcacc 1381 ggattcagtc gtcactcatg gtgatttctc acttgataac cttatttttg acgaggggaa 1441 attaataggt tgtattgatg ttggacgagt cggaatcgca gaccgatacc aggatcttgc 1501 catcctatgg aactgcctcg gtgagttttc tccttcatta cagaaacggc tttttcaaaa 1561 atatggtatt gataatcctg atatgaataa attgcagttt catttgatgc tcgatgagtt 1621 tttctaatca gaattggtta attggttgta acactggcag agcattacgc tgacttgacg 1681 ggacggcgca tgaccaaaat cccttaacgt gagttttcgt tccactgagc gtcagacccc 1741 gtagaaaaga tcaaaggatc ttcttgagat cctttttttc tgcgcgtaat ctgctgcttg 1801 caaacaaaaa aaccaccgct accagcggtg gtttgtttgc cggatcaaga gctaccaact 1861 ctttttccga aggtaactgg cttcagcaga gcgcagatac caaatactgt ccttctagtg 1921 tagccgtagt taggccacca cttcaagaac tctgtagcac cgcctacata cctcgctctg 1981 ctaatcctgt taccagtggc tgctgccagt ggcgataagt cgtgtcttac cgggttggac 2041 tcaagacgat agttaccgga taaggcgcag cggtcgggct gaacgggggg ttcgtgcaca 2101 cagcccagct tggagcgaac gacctacacc gaactgagat acctacagcg tgagcattga 2161 gaaagcgcca cgcttcccga agggagaaag gcggacaggt atccggtaag cggcagggtc 2221 ggaacaggag agcgcacgag ggagcttcca ggggggaacg cctggtatct ttatagtcct 2281 gtcgggtttc gccacctctg acttgagcgt cgatttttgt gatgctcgtc aggggggccg 2341 agcctatgga aaaacgccag caacgcggcc tttttacggt tcctggcctt ttgctggcct 2401 tttgctcaca tgttctttcc tgcgttatcc cctgattctg tggataaccg tattaccgcc 2461 tttgagtgag ctgataccgc tcgccgcagc cgaacgaccg agcgcagcga gtcagtgagc 2521 gaggaagcgg aagagcgccc aatacgcaaa ccgcctctcc ccgcgcgttg gccgattcat 2581 taatgcagct ggcacgacag gtttcccgac tggaaagcgg gcagtgagcg caacgcaatt 2641 aatgtgagtt acctcactca ttaggcaccc caggctttac actttatgct tccggctcct 2701 atgttgtgtg gaattgtgag cggataacaa tttcacacag gaaacagcta tgaccatgat 2761 tacgccaagc tcggaattaa ccctcactaa agggaacaaa agctggtacc gatcccgagc 2821 tttgcaaatt aaagccttcg agcgtcccaa aaccttctca agcaaggttt tcagtataat 2881 gttacatgcg tacacgcgtc tgtacagaaa aaaaagaaaa atttgaaata taaataacgt 2941 tcttaatact aacataacta taaaaaaata aatagggacc tagacttcag gttgtctaac 3001 tccttccttt tcggttagag cggatgtggg gggagggcgt gaatgtaagc gtgacataac 3061 taattacatg atatcgacaa aggaaaaggg gcctgtttac tcacaggctt ttttcaagta 3121 ggtaattaag tcgtttctgt ctttttcctt cttcaaccca ccaaaggcca tcttggtact 3181 tttttttttt tttttttttt tttttttttt tttttttttt tttttttttt tttttttttt 3241 tttttttttt tttttttttt tttttttttt tttcatagaa ataatacaga agtagatgtt 3301 gaattagatt aaactgaaga tatataattt attggaaaat acatagagct ttttgttgat 3361 gcgcttaagc gatcaattca acaacaccac cagcagctct gattttttct tcagccaact 3421 tggagacgaa tctagctttg acgataactg gaacatttgg aattctaccc ttacccaaga 3481 tcttaccgta accggctgcc aaagtgtcaa taactggagc agtttcctta gaagcagatt 3541 tcaagtattg gtctctcttg tcttctggga tcaatgtcca caatttgtcc aagttcaaga 3601 ctggcttcca gaaatgagct tgttgcttgt ggaagtatct cataccaacc ttaccgaaat 3661 aacctggatg gtatttatcc atgttaattc tgtggtgatg ttgaccaccg gccatacctc 3721 taccaccggg gtgctttctg tgcttaccga tacgaccttt accggctgag acgtgacctc 3781 tgtgctttct agtcttagtg aatctggaag gcattcttga ttagttggat gattgttctg 3841 ggatttaatg caaaaatcac ttaagaagga aaatcaacgg agaaagcaaa cgccatctta 3901 aatatacggg atacagatga aagggtttga acctatctgg aaaatagcat taaacaagcg 3961 aaaaactgcg aggaaaattg tttgcgtctc tgcgggctat tcacgcgcca gaggaaaata 4021 ggaaaaataa cagggcatta gaaaaataat tttgattttg gtaatgtgtg ggtcctggtg 4081 tacagatgtt acattggtta cagtactctt gtttttgctg tgtttttcga tgaatctcca 4141 aaatggttgt tagcacatgg aagagtcacc gatgctaagt tatctctatg taagctacgt 4201 ggcgtgactt ttgatgaagc cgcacaagag atacaggatt ggcaactgca aatagaatct 4261 ggggatcccc cctcgacgga tgcaagggtt cgaatccctt agctctcatt attttttgct 4321 ttttctcttg aggtcacatg atcgcaaaat ggcaaatggc acgtgaagct gtcgatattg 4381 gggaactgtg gtggttggca aatgactaat taagttagtc aaggcgccat cctcatgaaa 4441 actgtgtaac ataataaccg aagtgtcgaa aaggtggcac cttgtccaat tgaacacgct 4501 cgatgaaaaa aataagatat atataaggtt aagtaaagcg tctgttagaa aggaagtttt 4561 tcctttttct tgctctcttg tcttttcatc tactatttcc ttcgtgtaat acagggtcgt 4621 cagatacata gatacaattc tattaccccc atccatactc tagaatgctt ttgcgagctt 4681 tccttttcct cttggctggt tttgcagcca aaatatctgc agcgctagct gatgcagaat 4741 tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg 4801 tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggac tcatggtggg cggtgttgtc atagcgacag 4861 tgatcgtcat caccttggtg atgctgaaga agaaaggtag atctggcaag ctactgtctt 4921 ctatcgaaca agcatgcgat atttgccgac ttaaaaagct caagtgctcc aaagaaaaac 4981 cgaagtgcgc caagtgtctg aagaacaact gggagtgtcg ctactctccc aaaaccaaaa 5041 ggtctccgct gactagggca catctgacag aagtggaatc aaggctagaa agactggaac 5101 agctatttct actgattttt cctcgagaag accttgacat gattttgaaa atggattctt 5161 tacaggatat aaaagcattg ttaacaggat tatttgtaca agataatgtg aataaagatg 5221 ccgtcacaga tagattggct tcagtggaga ctgatatgcc tctaacattg agacagcata 5281 gaataagtgc gacatcatca tcggaagaga gtagtaacaa aggtcaaaga cagttgactg 5341 tatcgccgga attcccgggg atctgggccc ccccgaccga tgtcagcctg ggggacgagc 5401 tccacttaga cggcgaggac gtggcgatgg cgcatgccga cgcgctagac gatttcgatc 5461 tggacatgtt gggggacggg gattccccgg gtccgggatt taccccccac gactccgccc 5521 cctacggcgc tctggatatg gccgacttcg agtttgagca gatgtttacc gatgcccttg 5581 gaattgacga gtacggtggg ggtactagtg gccagtacac atccattcat catggtgtgg 5641 tggaggttga cgccgctgtc accccagagg agcgccacct gtccaagatg cagcagaacg 5701 gctacgaaaa tccaacctac aagttctttg agcagatgca gaacggcgcc tagggatccc 5761 ccgggctgca ggaattcgat atcaagctta tcgataccgt cgaccccggg tgctagcaag 5821 gccttgtggc cagccatggc aactagtgcg gccgctaagt aagtaagacg tcgagctcta 5881 agtaagtaac ggccgccacc gcggtggagc tttggacttc ttcgccagag gtttggtcaa 5941 gtctccaatc aaggttgtcg gcttgtctac cttgccagaa atttacgaaa agatggaaaa 6001 gggtcaaatc gttggtagat acgttgttga cacttctaaa taagcgaatt tcttatgatt 6061 tatgattttt attattaaat aagttataaa aaaaataagt gtatacaaat tttaaagtga 6121 ctcttaggtt ttaaaacgaa aattcttgtt cttgagtaac tctttcctgt aggtcaggtt 6181 gctttctcag gtatagcatg aggtcgctct tattgaccac acctctaccg gcatgccgag 6241 caaatgcctg caaatcgctc cccatttcac ccaattgtag atatgctaac tccagcaatg 6301 agttgatgaa tctcggtgtg tattttatgt cctcagagga caatacctgt tgtaatcgtt 6361 cttccacacg gatcccaatt cgccctatag tgagtcgtat tacaattcac tggccgtcgt 6421 tttacaacgt cgtgactggg aaaaccctgg cgttacccaa cttaatcgcc ttgcagcaca 6481 tccccctttc gccagctggc gtaatagcga agaggcccgc accgatcgcc cttcccaaca 6541 gttgcgcagc ctgaatggcg aatggacgcg ccctgtagcg gcgcattaag cgcggcgggt 6601 gtggtggtta cgcgcagcgt gaccgctaca cttgccagcg ccctagcgcc cgctcctttc 6661 gctttcttcc cttcctttct cgccacgttc gccggctttc cccgtcaagc tctaaatcgg 6721 gggctccctt tagggttccg atttagtgct ttacggcacc tcgaccccaa aaaacttgat 6781 tagggtgatg gttcacgtag tgggccatcg ccctgataga cggtttttcg ccctttgacg 6841 ttggagtcca cgttctttaa tagtggactc ttgttccaaa ctggaacaac actcaaccct 6901 atctcggtct attcttttga tttataaggg attttgccga tttcggccta ttggttaaaa 6961 aatgagctga tttaacaaaa atttaacgcg aattttaaca aaatattaac gtttacaatt 7021 tcctgatgcg gtattttctc cttacgcatc tgtgcggtat ttcacaccgc aggcaagtgc 7081 acaaacaata cttaaataaa tactactcag taataaccta tttcttagca tttttgacga 7141 aatttgctat tttgttagag tcttttacac catttgtctc cacacctccg cttacatcaa 7201 caccaataac gccatttaat ctaagcgcat caccaacatt ttctggcgtc agtccaccag 7261 ctaacataaa atgtaagctt tcggggctct cttgccttcc aacccagtca gaaatcgagt 7321 tccaatccaa aagttcacct gtcccacctg cttctgaatc aaacaaggga ataaacgaat 7381 gaggtttctg tgaagctgca ctgagtagta tgttgcagtc ttttggaaat acgagtcttt 7441 taataactgg caaaccgagg aactcttggt attcttgcca cgactcatct ccatgcagtt 7501 ggacgatatc aatgccgtaa tcattgacca gagccaaaac atcctcctta ggttgattac 7561 gaaacacgcc aaccaagtat ttcggagtgc ctgaactatt tttatatgct tttacaagac 7621 ttgaaatttt ccttgcaata accgggtcaa ttgttctctt tctattgggc acacatataa 7681 tacccagcaa gtcagcatcg gaatctagag cacattctgc ggcctctgtg ctctgcaagc 7741 cgcaaacttt caccaatgga ccagaactac ctgtgaaatt aataacagac atactccaag 7801 ctgcctttgt gtgcttaatc acgtatactc acgtgctcaa tagtcaccaa tgccctccct 7861 cttggccctc tccttttctt ttttcgaccg aattaattct taatcggcaa aaaaagaaaa 7921 gctccggatc aagattgtac gtaaggtgac aagctatttt tcaataaaga atatcttcca 7981 ctactgccat ctggcgtcat aactgcaaag tacacatata ttacgatgct gtctattaaa 8041 tgcttcctat attatatata tagtaatgtc gtttatggtg cactctcagt acaatctgct 8101 ctgatgccgc atagttaagc cagccccgac acccgccaac acccgctgac gcgccctgac 8161 gggcttgtct gctcccggca tccgcttaca gacaagctgt gaccgtctcc gggagctgca 8221 tgtgtcagag gttttcaccg tcatcaccga aacgcgcga SEQ ID No. 17 (SP2-C-GAL4/VP16-100) atgcttttgcgagctttccttttcctcttggctggttttgcagccaaaatatctgcagcgctag ctgatgcagaattccgacatgactcaggatatgaagttcatcatcaaaaattggtgttctttgc agaagatgtgggttcaaacaaaggtgcaatcattggactcatggtgggcggtgttgtcatagcg acagtgatcgtcatcaccttggtgatgctgaagaagaaaggtagatctggcaagctactgtctt ctatcgaacaagcatgcgatatttgccgacttaaaaagctcaagtgctccaaagaaaaaccgaa gtgcgccaagtgtctgaagaacaactgggagtgtcgctactctcccaaaaccaaaaggtctccg ctgactagggcacatctgacagaagtggaatcaaggctagaaagactggaacagctatttctac tgatttttcctcgagaagaccttgacatgattttgaaaatggattctttacaggatataaaagc attgttaacaggattatttgtacaagataatgtgaataaagatgccgtcacagatagattggct tcagtggagactgatatgcctctaacattgagacagcatagaataagtgcgacatcatcatcgg aagagagtagtaacaaaggtcaaagacagttgactgtatcgccggaattcccggggatctgggc ccccccgaccgatgtcagcctgggggacgagctccacttagacggcgaggacgtggcgatggcg catgccgacgcgctagacgatttcgatctggacatgttgggggacggggattccccggggccgg gatttaccccccacgactccgccccctacggcgctctggatatggccgacttcgagtttgagca gatgtttaccgatgcccttggaattgacgagtacggtgggggtactagtggccagtacacatcc attcatcatggtgtggtggaggttgacgccgctgtcaccccagaggagcgccacctgtccaaga tgcagcagaacggctacgaaaatccaacctacaagttctttgagcagatgcagaacggcgccta g SEQ ID No. 18 (SP2-C-GAL4/VP16-100) mllraflfllagfaakisaaladaefrhdsgyevhhqklvffaedvgsnkgaiiglmvggvvia tvivitlvmlkkkgrsgkllssieqacdicrlkklkcskekpkcakclknnwecryspktkrsp ltrahltevesrlerleqlfllifpredldmilkmdslqdikalltglfvqdnvnkdavtdrla svetdmpltlrqhrisatssseessnkgqrqltvspefpgiwapptdvslgdelhldgedvama hadalddfdldmlgdgdspgpgftphdsapygaldmadfefeqmftdalgideygggtsgqyts ihhgvvevdaavtpeerhlskmqqngyenptykffeqmqnga* SEQ ID No. 19 (SP2-C100-GAL4/VP1E) atgcttttgcgagctttccttttcctcttggctggttttgcagccaaaatatctgcagcgctag ctgatgcagaattccgacatgactcaggatatgaagttcatcatcaaaaattggtgttctttgc agaagatgtgggttcaaacaaaggtgcaatcattggactcatggtgggcggtgttgtcatagcg acagtgatcgtcatcaccttggtgatgctgaagaagaaacagtacacatccattcatcatggtg tggtggaggttgacgccgctgtcaccccagaggagcgccacctgtccaagatgcagcagaacgg ctacgaaaatccaacctacaagttctttgagcagatgcagaacgcgcggggtaccccggcgatg aagctactgtcttctatcgaacaagcatgcgatatttgccgacttaaaaagctcaagtgctcca aagaaaaaccgaagtgcgccaagtgtctgaagaacaactgggagtgtcgctactctcccaaaac caaaaggtctccgctgactagggcacatctgacagaagtggaatcaaggctagaaagactggaa cagctatttctactgatttttcctcgagaagaccttgacatgattttgaaaatggattctttac aggatataaaagcattgttaacaggattatttgtacaagataatgtgaataaagatgccgtcac agatagattggcttcagtggagactgatatgcctctaacattgagacagcatagaataagtgcg acatcatcatcggaagagagtagtaacaaaggtcaaagacagttgactgtatcgccggaattcc cggggatctgggcccccccgaccgatgtcagcctgggggacgagctccacttagacggcgagga cgtggcgatggcgcatgccgacgcgctagacgatttcgatctggacatgttgggggacggggat tccccgggtccgggatttaccccccacgactccgccccctacggcgctctggatatggccgact tcgagtttgagcagatgtttaccgatgcccttggaattgacgagtacggtgggtag SEQ ID No. 20 (SP2-C100-GAL4/VP16) mllraflfllagfaakisaaladaefrhdsgyevhhqklvffaedvgsnkgaiiglmvggvvia tvivitlvmlkkkqytsihhgvvevdaavtpeerhlskmqqngyenptykffeqmgnargtpam kllssieqacdicrlkklkcskekpkcakclknnwecryspktkrspltrahltevesrlerle qlfllifpredldmilkmdslqdikalltglfvqdnvnkdavtdrlasvetdmpltlrqhrisa tssseessnkgqrqltvspefpgiwapptdvslgdelhldgedvamahadalddfdldmlgdgd spgpgftphdsapygaldmadfefeqrnftdalgideygg SEQ ID No. 21 (SP3-C100-GAL4/VP16) atgagggcctggatcttctttctcctttgcctggccgggagggctctggcagccccgctagctg atgcagaattccgacatgactcaggatatgaagttcatcatcaaaaattggtgttctttgcaga agatgtgggttcaaacaaaggtgcaatcattggactcatggtgggcggtgttgtcatagcgaca gtgatcgtcatcaccttggtgatgctgaagaagaaacagtacacatccattcatcatggtgtgg tggaggttgacgccgctgtcaccccagaggagcgccacctgtccaagatgcagcagaacggcta cgaaaatccaacctacaagttctttgagcagatgcagaacgcgcggggtaccccggcgatgaag ctactgtcttctatcgaacaagcatgcgatatttgccgacttaaaaagctcaagtgctccaaag aaaaaccgaagtgcgccaagtgtctgaagaacaactgggagtgtcgctactctcccaaaaccaa aaggtctccgctgactagggcacatctgacagaagtggaatcaaggctagaaagactggaacag ctatttctactgatttttcctcgagaagaccttgacatgattttgaaaatggattctttacagg atataaaagcattgttaacaggattatttgtacaagataatgtgaataaagatgccgtcacaga tagattggcttcagtggagactgatatgcctctaacattgagacagcatagaataagtgcgaca tcatcatcggaagagagtagtaacaaaggtcaaagacagttgactgtatcgccggaattcccgg ggatctgggcccccccgaccgatgtcagcctgggggacgagctccacttagacggcgaggacgt ggcgatggcgcatgccgacgcgctagacgatttcgatctggacatgttgggggacggggattcc ccgggtccgggatttaccccccacgactccgccccctacggcgctctggatatggccgacttcg agtttgagcagatgtttaccgatgcccttggaattgacgagtacggtggg SEQ ID No. 22 (SP3-C100-GAL4/VP1G) mrawiffllclagralaapladaefrhdsgyevhhqklvffaedvgsnkgaiiglmvggvviat vivitlvmlkkkqytsihhgvvevdaavtpeerhlskmqqngyenptykffeqmqnargtpamk llssieqacdicrlkklkcskekpkcakclknnwecryspktkrspltrahltevesrlerleq lfllifpredldmilkmdslqdikalltglfvqdnvnkdavtdrlasvetdmpltlrqhrisat ssseessnkgqrqltvspefpgiwapptdvslgdelhldgedvamahadalddfdldmlgdgds pgpgftphdsapygaldmadfefeqmftdalgideygg SEQ ID No. 23 (Primer EH47) GCTCTAGAATGCTTTTGCAAGCTTTCCTTTTCCTTTTGGCTGGTTTTGC AGCC AAAATATCTGCAGCGCTAGCTGATGCAGAATTCCGACATGAC SEQ ID No. 24 (Primer EH49) CGGGATCCCTAGGCGCCGTTCTGCATCTGCTCAAAGAAC SEQ ID No. 25 (Primer EH53) ACTATATCTAGAATGCTTTTGC SEQ ID No. 26 (Primer EH54) TTCGATAGAAGACAGTAGCTTGCCAGATCTACCTTTCTTCTTCAGCATC ACCAA SEQ ID No. 27 Primer EH55) TTGGTGATGCTGAAGAAGAAAGGTAGATCTGGCAAGCTACTGTCTTCT ATCGAA SEQ ID No. 28 (Primer EH56) ATGATGAATGGATGTGTACTGGCCACTAGTACCCCCACCGTACTCGTC AATT SEQ ID No. 29 (Primer EH57) AATTGACGAGTACGGTGGGGGTACTAGTGGCCAGTACACATCCATTC ATCAT SEQ ID No. 30 (Primer EH59) CGATAAGCTTGATATCGAATTC SEQ ID No. 31 (Primer C55-3′) CCATCGATTTTCTAACCCCCACCGTA SEQ ID No. 32 (Plasmid SP3-C-GAL4/VP16-100) gacggatcgggagatctcccgatcccctatggtcgactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgccgc atagttaagccagtatctgctccctgcttgtgtgttggaggtcgctgagtagtgcgcgagcaaa atttaagctacaacaaggcaaggcttgaccgacaattgcatgaagaatctgcttagggttaggc gttttgcgctgcttcgcgatgtacgggccagatatacgcgttgacattgattattgactagtta ttaatagtaatcaattacggggtcattagttcatagcccatatatggagttccgcgttacataa cttacggtaaatggcccgcctggctgaccgcccaacgacccccgcccattgacgtcaataatga cgtatgttcccatagtaacgccaatagggactttccattgacgtcaatgggtggactatttacg gtaaactgcccacttggcagtacatcaagtgtatcatatgccaagtacgccccctattgacgtc aatgacggtaaatggcccgcctggcattatgcccagtacatgaccttatgggactttcctactt ggcagtacatctacgtattagtcatcgctattaccatggtgatgcggttttggcagtacatcaa tgggcgtggatagcggtttgactcacggggatttccaagtctccaccccattgacgtcaatggg agtttgttttggcaccaaaatcaacgggactttccaaaatgtcgtaacaactccgccccattga cgcaaatgggcggtaggcgtgtacggtgggaggtctatataagcagagctctctggctaactag agaacccactgcttaactggcttatcgaaattaatacgactcactatagggagacccaagcttc tgcctgccgcctgcctgcctgccactgagggttcccagcaccatgagggcctggatcttctttc tcctttgcctggccgggagggctctggcagccccgctagctgatgcagaattccgacatgactc aggatatgaagttcatcatcaaaaattggtgttctttgcagaagatgtgggttcaaacaaaggt gcaatcattggactcatggtgggcggtgttgtcatagcgacagtgatcgtcatcaccttggtga tgctgaagaagaaaggtagatctggcaagctactgtcttctatcgaacaagcatgcgatatttg ccgacttaaaaagctcaagtgctccaaagaaaaaccgaagtgcgccaagtgtctgaagaacaac tgggagtgtcgctactctcccaaaaccaaaaggtctccgctgactagggcacatctgacagaag tggaatcaaggctagaaagactggaacagctatttctactgatttttcctcgagaagaccttga catgattttgaaaatggattctttacaggatataaaagcattgttaacaggattatttgtacaa gataatgtgaataaagatgccgtcacagatagattggcttcagtggagactgatatgcctctaa cattgagacagcatagaataagtgcgacatcatcatcggaagagagtagtaacaaaggtcaaag acagttgactgtatcgccggaattcccggggatctgggcccccccgaccgatgtcagcctgggg gacgagctccacttagacggcgaggacgtggcgatggcgcatgccgacgcgctagacgatttcg atctggacatgttgggggacggggattccccggggccgggatttaccccccacgactccgcccc ctacggcgctctggatatggccgacttcgagtttgagcagatgtttaccgatgcccttggaatt gacgagtacggtgggggtactagtggccagtacacatccattcatcatggtgtggtggaggttg acgccgctgtcaccccagaggagcgccacctgtccaagatgcagcagaacggctacgaaaatcc aacctacaagttctttgagcagatgcagaacggcgcctagggatcccccgggctgcaggaattc gatatcaagcttatcgataccgtcgaggccgctcgagcatgcatctagagggccctattctata gtgtcacctaaatgctagagctcgctgatcagcctcgactgtgccttctagttgccagccatct gttgtttgcccctcccccgtgccttccttgaccctggaaggtgccactcccactgtcctttcct aataaaatgaggaaattgcatcgcattgtctgagtaggtgtcattctattctggggggtggggt ggggcaggacagcaagggggaggattgggaagacaatagcaggcatgctggggatgcggtgggc tctatggaaccagctggggctcgaggggggatccccacgcgccctgtagcggcgcattaagcgc ggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgcagcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcct ttcgctttcttcccttcctttctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaagctctaaatcggg gcatccctttagggttccgatttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaaaaacttgattaggg tgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggagtcc acgttctttaatagtggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggtctatt cttttgatttataagggattttggggatttcggcctattggttaaaaaatgagctgatttaaca aaaatttaacgcgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaatttaaatatttgcttatacaatc ttcctgtttttggggcttttctgattatcaaccggggtgggtaccgagctcgaattctgtggaa tgtgtgtcagttagggtgtggaaagtccccaggctccccaggcaggcagaagtatgcaaagcat gcatctcaattagtcagcaaccaggtgtggaaagtccccaggctccccagcaggcagaagtatg caaagcatgcatctcaattagtcagcaaccatagtcccgcccctaactccgcccatcccgcccc taactccgcccagttccgcccattctccgccccatggctgactaattttttttatttatgcaga ggccgaggccgcctcggcctctgagctattccagaagtagtgaggaggcttttttggaggccta ggcttttgcaaaaagctcccgggagcttggatatccattttcggatctgatcaagagacaggat gaggatcgtttcgcatgattgaacaagatggattgcacgcaggttctccggccgcttgggtgga gaggctattcggctatgactgggcacaacagacaatcggctgctctgatgccgccgtgttccgg ctgtcagcgcaggggcgcccggttctttttgtcaagaccgacctgtccggtgccctgaatgaac tgcaggacgaggcagcgcggctatcgtggctggccacgacgggcgttccttgcgcagctgtgct cgacgttgtcactgaagcgggaagggactggctgctattgggcgaagtgccggggcaggatctc ctgtcatctcaccttgctcctgccgagaaagtatccatcatggctgatgcaatgcggcggctgc atacgcttgatccggctacctgcccattcgaccaccaagcgaaacatcgcatcgagcgagcacg tactcggatggaagccggtcttgtcgatcaggatgatctggacgaagagcatcaggggctcgcg ccagccgaactgttcgccaggctcaaggcgcgcatgcccgacggcgaggatctcgtcgtgaccc atggcgatgcctgcttgccgaatatcatggtggaaaatggccgcttttctggattcatcgactg tggccggctgggtgtggcggaccgctatcaggacatagcgttggctacccgtgatattgctgaa gagcttggcggcgaatgggctgaccgcttcctcgtgctttacggtatcgccgctcccgattcgc agcgcatcgccttctatcgccttcttgacgagttcttctgagcgggactctggggttcgaaatg accgaccaagcgacgcccaacctgccatcacgagatttcgattccaccgccgccttctatgaaa ggttgggcttcggaatcgttttccgggacgccggctggatgatcctccagcgcggggatctcat gctggagttcttcgcccaccccaacttgtttattgcagcttataatggttacaaataaagcaat agcatcacaaatttcacaaataaagcatttttttcactgcattctagttgtggtttgtccaaac tcatcaatgtatcttatcatgtctggatcccgtcgacctcgagagcttggcgtaatcatggtca tagctgtttcctgtgtgaaattgttatccgctcacaattccacacaacatacgagccggaagca taaagtgtaaagcctggggtgcctaatgagtgagctaactcacattaattgcgttgcgctcact gcccgctttccagtcgggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatgaatcggccaacgcgcgggg agaggcggtttgcgtattgggcgctcttccgcttcctcgctcactgactcgctgcgctcggtcg ttcggctgcggcgagcggtatcagctcactcaaaggcggtaatacggttatccacagaatcagg ggataacgcaggaaagaacatgtgagcaaaaggccagcaaaaggccaggaaccgtaaaaaggcc gcgttgctggcgtttttccataggctccgcccccctgacgagcatcacaaaaatcgacgctcaa gtcagaggtggcgaaacccgacaggactataaagataccaggcgtttccccctggaagctccct cgtgcgctctcctgttccgaccctgccgcttaccggatacctgtccgcctttctcccttcggga agcgtggcgctttctcaatgctcacgctgtaggtatctcagttcggtgtaggtcgttcgctcca agctgggctgtgtgcacgaaccccccgttcagcccgaccgctgcgccttatccggtaactatcg tcttgagtccaacccggtaagacacgacttatcgccactggcagcagccactggtaacaggatt agcagagcgaggtatgtaggcggtgctacagagttcttgaagtggtggcctaactacggctaca ctagaaggacagtatttggtatctgcgctctgctgaagccagttaccttcggaaaaagagttgg tagctcttgatccggcaaacaaaccaccgctggtagcggtggtttttttgtttgcaagcagcag attacgcgcagaaaaaaaggatctcaagaagatcctttgatcttttctacggggtctgacgctc agtggaacgaaaactcacgttaagggattttggtcatgagattatcaaaaaggatcttcaccta gatccttttaaattaaaaatgaagttttaaatcaatctaaagtatatatgagtaaacttggtct gacagttaccaatgcttaatcagtgaggcacctatctcagcgatctgtctatttcgttcatcca tagttgcctgactccccgtcgtgtagataactacgatacgggagggcttaccatctggccccag tgctgcaatgataccgcgagacccacgctcaccggctccagatttatcagcaataaaccagcca gccggaagggccgagcgcagaagtggtcctgcaactttatccgcctccatccagtctattaatt gttgccgggaagctagagtaagtagttcgccagttaatagtttgcgcaacgttgttgccattgc tacaggcatcgtggtgtcacgctcgtcgtttggtatggcttcattcagctccggttcccaacga tcaaggcgagttacatgatcccccatgttgtgcaaaaaagcggttagctccttcggtcctccga tcgttgtcagaagtaagttggccgcagtgttatcactcatggttatggcagcactgcataattc tcttactgtcatgccatccgtaagatgcttttctgtgactggtgagtactcaaccaagtcattc tgagaatagtgtatgcggcgaccgagttgctcttgcccggcgtcaatacgggataataccgcgc cacatagcagaactttaaaagtgctcatcattggaaaacgttcttcggggcgaaaactctcaag gatcttaccgctgttgagatccagttcgatgtaacccactcgtgcacccaactgatcttcagca tcttttactttcaccagcgtttctgggtgagcaaaaacaggaaggcaaaatgccgcaaaaaagg gaataagggcgacacggaaatgttgaatactcatactcttcctttttcaatattattgaagcat ttatcagggttattgtctcatgagcggatacatatttgaatgtatttagaaaaataaacaaata ggggttccgcgcacatttccccgaaaagtgccacctgacgtc 

1. A method for detecting the activity of γ-secretase, the method comprising the steps of: A. providing a transgene encoding a fusion protein comprising: a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence comprising GAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 1); b) a second nucleotide sequence, at the 5′ end of the first nucleotide sequence, encoding an amino acid sequence comprising a signal peptide; and c) a promoter; d) wherein the fusion protein does not comprise, with the exception of SEQ ID NO. 1, one or more sequences consisting of a protease cleavage site; and e) wherein the fusion protein does not comprise, with the exception of SEQ ID NO. 1, one or more sequences consisting of a signal for endo- or exocytosis. B. expressing the fusion protein in a cell that contains γ-secretase; C. detecting a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide that comprises GAIIGLMVGGVV (SEQ ID NO. 2) and a polypeptide that comprises VIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 3)
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of detecting a polypeptide comprises detecting the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO.
 2. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of determining, from the amount of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO. 2, γ-secretase activity.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of detecting a polypeptide comprises detecting the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO.
 3. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of determining, from the amount of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO. 3, γ-secretase activity.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein does not comprise, with the exception of SEQ ID NO. 1, one or more sequences consisting of a caspase cleavage site.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nucleotide sequence encodes a amino acid sequence comprising an amyloid precursor protein (APP), and wherein the fusion protein does not comprise, with the exception of SEQ ID NO. 1, one or more sequences consisting of NPTY or VEVD.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nucleotide sequence encodes a amino acid sequence comprising part of an amyloid precursor protein (APP), and wherein the fusion protein does not comprise, with the exception of SEQ ID NO. 1, one or more sequences consisting of NPTY or VEVD.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nucleotide sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO.
 4. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the second nucleotide sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 12, or SEQ ID NO.
 13. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the promoter is a promoter for expression in mammalian cells, in C. elegans, in yeast, or in Drosophila.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the promoter is the CMV, HSV TK, RSV, SV40, LTR, unc119, unc54, hsp16-2, G₀A1, sel-12, ADH1, GAL1, MET3, MET25, MT, Ac5 or Ds47 promoter.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the cell is a human cell.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a non-human cell.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the cell is an HeLa, 293, H4, SH-SY5Y, H9, Cos, CHO, N2A, SL-2 or yeast cell.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the cell is a C. elegans cell.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is a constituent of a transgenic C. elegans.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.
 6. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein further comprises a polypeptide that may be used to detect the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO.
 3. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein further comprises a DNA-binding domain and a transcription-activating domain.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the fusion protein comprises a GAL4-binding domain and the transcription-activating domain of VP16.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell is cotransfected with a reporter plasmid comprising a reporter gene under the control of a regulatable promoter.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the reporter plasmid comprises the reporter gene for EGFP (Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein), Ura 3, His 3 or Lac Z and the regulatable promoter comprises a GAL4 binding site and a minimal promoter of HIV.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the cell is cotransfected with a reporter plasmid comprising a reporter gene under the control of a regulatable promoter.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the regulatable promoter is capable of being activated by the transcription-activating domain.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the transgene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20, or SEQ ID NO.
 22. 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the transgene is present in a vector.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the vector is pcDNA 3.1+.
 31. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of cotransfecting the cell using a cDNA library.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the library comprises cDNA prepared form tissue or cells.
 33. The method of claim 31, further comprising the steps of isolating from a cell cDNA encoding a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase.
 34. A transgene comprising A. a first nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence comprising GAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 1); B. a second nucleotide sequence, at the 5′ end of the first nucleotide sequence, encoding an amino acid sequence comprising a signal peptide; C. a promoter; and D. at least one additional nucleotide sequence, at the 3′ end of the first nucleotide sequence, encoding an amino acid sequence comprising a DNA-binding domain and a transcription-activating domain.
 35. The transgene of claim 34, wherein the first nucleotide sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising an amyloid precursor protein
 36. The transgene of claim 34, wherein the first nucleotide sequence encodes an amino acid sequence comprising part of an amyloid precursor protein.
 37. The transgene of claim 34, wherein the transgene comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.
 14. 38. A vector comprising the transgene of claim
 34. 39. The vector of claim 38, wherein the vector is vector pDBTrp or pcDNA 3.1+.
 40. A method for producing a transgenic cell, the method comprising transfecting a cell with the vector of claim
 38. 41. A method for producing a transgenic C. elegans, the method comprising the step of injecting into the gonads of a C. elegans the vector of claim
 38. 42. A cell comprising the transgene of claim
 34. 43. A transgenic C. elegans comprising the transgene of claim
 34. 44. A yeast cell comprising the transgene of claim
 34. 45. A cell comprising A. the transgene of claim 34; B. a cDNA library, and C. a reporter plasmid.
 46. A assay comprising the steps of A. providing the cell of claim 45; B. determining whether a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 3 is formed.
 47. An assay comprising the steps of A. providing a transgenic cell, the cell comprising a) a first nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence comprising GAIIGLMVGGVVIATVIVITLVML (SEQ ID NO. 1); b) a second nucleotide sequence, at the 5′ end of the first nucleotide sequence, encoding an amino acid sequence comprising a signal peptide; and c) a promoter; B. Incubating the organism or cell with a substance; C. Determining whether a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 3 is formed.
 48. The assay of claim 47, wherein the cell is co-transfected with cDNA encoding a γ-secretase, a subunit protein of γ-secretase, or a γ-secretase-like proteinase. 